Soil Rocks and Minerals
Category : 5th Class
SOIL ROCK AND MINERALS
FUNDAMENTAL
Lithosphere of the earth is mainly made up of rocks and soils (natural resources).
(i) Inside the earth under very high temperature.
(ii) From mud and sand under high temperature and pressures.
(i) Igneous (ii) Sedimentary (iii) Metamorphic
Comparison between different types of rocks
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Figure |
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Igneous Rock |
Formed as a result of volcanic eruptions when magma reach the surface of the earth due to high pressure and gets solidified e.g., Basalt. |
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Sedimentary Rock |
Formed from materials swept into rivers, lakes and seas and deposited there. e. g. sandstone is formed from sand. |
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Metamorphic Rock |
Metamorphic means change. These rocks are actually igneous and sedimentary rocks which are chemically changed under high temperature and pressure inside the earth. e.g., high heat turns limestone into marble. |
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Some important rocks:
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S. No. |
Rock Type |
Example |
Property |
Uses |
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1. |
Igneous |
Basalt |
Dense and dark fine grains |
Used in construction |
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2. |
Igneous |
Granite |
Light colored, large grains |
Constructing building and roads, statues |
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3. |
Igneous |
Pumice |
Light colored containing dissolved gas |
Scrubber |
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4. |
Sedimentary |
Sandstone |
Grains of sand cemented together |
Building construction |
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5. |
Sedimentary |
Conglomerate |
Mass of pebbles cemented together |
Used in architecture, construction and medical industry. |
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6. |
Sedimentary |
Shale |
Smooth made up of clay |
Tiles and bricks |
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7. |
Sedimentary |
Limestone |
Thick sediments of chalk |
Cement and brick metallurgy |
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8. |
Metamorphic |
Slate |
Low grade metamorphic rock |
Slate, black board, building |
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9. |
Metamorphic |
Marble |
Colorful, can polished and carved |
Statues and building |
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10. |
Metamorphic |
Gneiss |
Formed from granite |
Ornamental stones |
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11. |
Metamorphic |
Quartzite |
Made from metamorphic of sandstone |
Construction of building |
MINERALS
A mineral is composed of an element or a chemical combination of elements. Silica is a mineral consisting oxygen, silicon and small amount of other elements.
Gem stone is a naturally occurring beautiful and attractive mineral which has got immense demand in jewelry making. These minerals are cut and polished to make jewelry.
e.g., Diamond, Ruby, Sapphire,
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S. No. |
Mineral |
Rock |
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1. |
Pure in state |
Contain more than one mineral |
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2. |
Look attractive |
Not attractive |
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3. |
Have definite shape |
No definite shape |
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4. |
Same color through cut |
Different colors, as contains different minerals of different color |
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5. |
Have single crystal |
Not single crystal |
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6. |
e.g. Bauxite |
e.g., Basalt |
COAL
Is an organic rock sedimentary which is formed from dead plant- fossil fuel.
PETROLEUM
Are formed when plants and dead animals in the sea form in the sea from a layer of sediment on after another. The process takes millions of years.
SOIL
Soil is the upper most layer of earth’s surface, which is made up of the particles of rocks humus air and water. Soil contains minerals and water for survival of plants. Soil is formed from rocks by weathering. It is very slow process.
COMPONENTS OF A SOIL
TYPES OF SOIL
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Clayey |
Loamy |
Sandy |
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Size of particle less than 0.002mm; |
Particle size between 0.002-0.05mm; |
Particle size greater than 0.05-0.10mm; |
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Water holding capacity is good; |
Hold sufficient air and water; |
Water holding capacity is less; |
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Little amount of air is passed |
Best suited for plants growth; |
Not suitable for plant growth |
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Not suitable for plant growth. |
Consists of clay and humus in proper amount. |
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RESIDUAL SOIL
Soil which remains at the place of its formation.
TRANSPORTED SOIL
MOUNTAINOUS SOIL
This type of soil is found in mountain regions formed by clay, shale, lime stone and sandstone.
SOIL EROSION
Removal of the upper fertile soil layer due to weathering is called soil erosion.
CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION
PREVENTION OF SOIL EROSION
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