Joule's Law (Heat and Mechanical Work)
Category : JEE Main & Advanced
Whenever heat is converted into mechanical work or mechanical work is converted into heat, then the ratio of work done to heat produced always remains constant. i.e. \[W\propto Q\] or \[\frac{W}{Q}=J\]
This is Joule's law and J is called mechanical equivalent of heat.
(1) From W = JQ if Q = 1 then J = W. Hence the amount of work done necessary to produce unit amount of heat is defined as the mechanical equivalent of heat.
(2) J is neither a constant, nor a physical quantity rather it is a conversion factor which used to convert Joule or erg into calorie or kilo calories vice-versa.
(3) Value of \[J=4.2\,\frac{Joule}{cal}=4.2\times {{10}^{7}}\frac{erg}{cal}\]
\[=4.2\times {{10}^{3}}\frac{Joule}{kcal}\].
(4) When water in a stream falls from height h, then its potential energy is converted into heat and temperature of water rises slightly.
From \[W=JQ\] \[\Rightarrow \] mgh = J (mc \[\Delta \theta \])
[where m = Mass of water, c = Specific heat of water, \[\Delta \theta =\] temperature rise]
\[\Rightarrow \] Rise in temperature \[\Delta \theta =\frac{gh}{Jc}{}^\circ C\]
(5) The kinetic energy of a bullet fired from a gun gets converted into heat on striking the target. By this heat the temperature of bullet increases by\[\Delta \theta \].
From W = JQ \[\Rightarrow \] \[\frac{1}{2}m{{v}^{2}}=J(\,m\,s\,\Delta \theta )\]
[where m = Mass of the bullet, v = Velocity of the bullet, c = Specific heat of the bullet]
\[\Rightarrow \] Rise in temperature \[\Delta t=\frac{{{v}^{2}}}{2Jc}{}^\circ C\]
If the temperature of bullet rises upto the melting point of the bullet and bullet melts then.
From \[W=J({{Q}_{Temperature\text{ }change}}+{{Q}_{Phase\text{ }change}})\]
\[\Rightarrow \] \[\frac{1}{2}m{{v}^{2}}=J(mc\,\Delta \theta +mL)\]; L = Latent heat of bullet
\[\Rightarrow \] Rise in temperature \[\Delta \theta =\left[ \frac{\left( \frac{{{v}^{2}}}{2J}-L \right)}{c} \right]\,{}^\circ C\]
(6) If m kg ice-block falls down through some height (h) and melts partially (m' kg) then its potential energy gets converted into heat of melting.
From W = JQ \[\Rightarrow \] \[mgh=J\,m'L\] \[\Rightarrow \] \[h=\frac{m'}{m}\left( \frac{JL}{g} \right)\]
If ice-block melts completely then \[m'=m\Rightarrow h=\frac{JL}{g}meter\]
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