Answer:
(i) Cyanohydrin Addition products formed by the reactionof
aldehydes and ketones with hydrogen cyanide(HCN) areknown as cyanohydrins.
For example
(ii)
Acetal When an aldehyde reacts with two equivalents of amonohydric alcohol
in the presence of dry gas,
gem-dialkoxycompounds are formed; which are known as acetals. In acetal,
twoalkoxy groups are present on the terminal C-atom.
For example:
(iii) Semicarbazone The
compounds formed on the reaction ofaldehydes /ketones with
semicarbazide are calledsemicarbazones.
For example:
(iv) Aldol When an
aldehyde (or ketone) having at least onea-hydrogen atom undergo a reaction in
the presence of dilutealkali as catalyst to form aldol or p-hydroxyaldehydes
(or ketals incase of ketones), the reaction is called aldol condensation.
For example:
(v) Hemiacetal When an
aldehyde reacts with one molecule of amonohydric alcohol in presence of dry gas,
gem-alkoxyalcohols are formed. These are known as hemiacetals.
For example:
(vi) Oxime When an
aldehyde or ketone reacts with hydroxyiamine inweak acidic medium, the product
obtained is known as oxime.
(vii) Ketal The compound
formed by heating a ketone with ethyleneglycol in the presence of dry HCl gas
is known as ketal(gem-dialkoxy alkane).
For example:
(viii) Imine Compounds
formed by the reaction of aldehydes andketones with ammonia derivatives are
called imines.
These compounds contain group. General
reaction is:
Z = Alkyl, aryl, OH, etc.
(ix) 2,4-DNP derivative
2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine reacts withaldehyde or ketone to produce
2,4-din'i.trophenvi hyarazones (i.e.,2,4-DNP derivative). The reaction takes
place in weak acidicmedium.
Uses 2,4-DNP derivatives are
used for the identification ofaldehydes and ketones.
(x) Schifi's base When an
aldehyde or ketone reacts with primary aliphatic or aromatic amines, the formed
compound is called Schiff base or azomethine.
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