Answer:
(i) Heart size increases: The size of heart and strength of the cardiac muscles increases due to regular exercises as to the maximum extent the left ventricle adapts. The walls of the heart develop into stronger and thicker as shown in recent studies and the thickness of myocardial wall increases as well. (ii) Resting heart rate decreases: The resting heart rate decreases due to regular exercises. After duration of 10 week training programme, the resting heart rate may reduce up to 10 beats per minute from the normal of 72 beats per minute. The heart becomes more efficient due to regular exercises. In highly conditioned athletes the resting heart rate decreases to 30 beats/minute. (iii) Stroke volume increases at resting conditions: The stroke volume increases at resting conditions due to regular exercises. The stroke volume at rest remains up to 50-70 ml/ beat in untrained individuals; in trained individuals it ranges from 70-90 ml/beat and in the elite endurance athletes it ranges from 90-110 ml/beat.
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