I came back to my room, irritated by his audacity. Dumping the notebooks and the slip with his phone number in the dustbin, I sat on the bed, a little unsettled, I can't let someone I just met get the better of me, I thought, shaking my head. I switched off the lights and lay down. I had to catch an early-morning flight to Mumbai the next day and had a four-hour window of sleep. I couldn't wait to reach home. |
However, I couldn't stop thinking about my encounter with the mysterious Madhav, Who was this guy? The words 'Dumraon','Stephen's' and 'Delhi' floated around in my head. Questions popped up: What the hell is a half-girlfriend? And why do 1 have a dead girls journals in my room? |
Eyes wide open, 1 lay in bed, staring at the little flashing red light from the smoke detector on the ceiling. The journals bothered me. Sure, they lay in the dustbin. However, something about those torn pages, the dead person and her half-boyfriend, or whoever he was, intrigued me. Don't go there, I thought, but my mind screamed down its own suggestion: Read just one page. |
'Don't even think about it, 'I said out loud. But thirty minutes later, I switched on the lights in my room, fished out the journals from the dustbin and opened the first volume. Most pages were too damaged to read. I tried to make sense of what I could. The first page dated back nine years to 1 November 2002. Riya had written about her fifteenth birthday. One mere page, I kept thinking. I flipped through the pages as I tried to find another readable one. 1 read one more section, and then another. Three hours later, I had read whatever could be read in the entire set. |
The room phone rang at 5 a.m., startling me. |
'Your wake-up call, sir,' the hotel operator said. |
'I am awake, thank you,' I said, as I'd never slept at all. I called Jet Airways. |
'I'd like to cancel a ticket on the Patna-Mumbai flight this morning.' |
Pulling out the slip of paper with Madhav's number from the dustbin, I texted him: We need to talk. |
Important. |
At 6.30 a.m., the tall, lanky man was in my room once more. |
'Make tea for both of us. The kettle is above the minibar.' |
He followed my instructions. The early morning sun highlighted his sharp features. He handed me a cup of tea and took a seat diagonally opposite me on the double bed. |
'Should I speak first, or will you?' I said. |
'About?' |
'Riya.' |
He sighed. |
'Do you think you knew her well?' |
'Yes,' he said. |
'You feel comfortable talking about her to me?' |
He thought for a few seconds and nodded. |
'So tell me everything. Tell me the story of Madhav and Riya.' |
'A story that fate left incomplete,' he said. |
I came back to my room, irritated by his audacity. Dumping the notebooks and the slip with his phone number in the dustbin, I sat on the bed, a little unsettled, I can't let someone I just met get the better of me, I thought, shaking my head. I switched off the lights and lay down. I had to catch an early-morning flight to Mumbai the next day and had a four-hour window of sleep. I couldn't wait to reach home. |
However, I couldn't stop thinking about my encounter with the mysterious Madhav, Who was this guy? The words 'Dumraon','Stephen's' and 'Delhi' floated around in my head. Questions popped up: What the hell is a half-girlfriend? And why do 1 have a dead girls journals in my room? |
Eyes wide open, 1 lay in bed, staring at the little flashing red light from the smoke detector on the ceiling. The journals bothered me. Sure, they lay in the dustbin. However, something about those torn pages, the dead person and her half-boyfriend, or whoever he was, intrigued me. Don't go there, I thought, but my mind screamed down its own suggestion: Read just one page. |
'Don't even think about it, 'I said out loud. But thirty minutes later, I switched on the lights in my room, fished out the journals from the dustbin and opened the first volume. Most pages were too damaged to read. I tried to make sense of what I could. The first page dated back nine years to 1 November 2002. Riya had written about her fifteenth birthday. One mere page, I kept thinking. I flipped through the pages as I tried to find another readable one. 1 read one more section, and then another. Three hours later, I had read whatever could be read in the entire set. |
The room phone rang at 5 a.m., startling me. |
'Your wake-up call, sir,' the hotel operator said. |
'I am awake, thank you,' I said, as I'd never slept at all. I called Jet Airways. |
'I'd like to cancel a ticket on the Patna-Mumbai flight this morning.' |
Pulling out the slip of paper with Madhav's number from the dustbin, I texted him: We need to talk. |
Important. |
At 6.30 a.m., the tall, lanky man was in my room once more. |
'Make tea for both of us. The kettle is above the minibar.' |
He followed my instructions. The early morning sun highlighted his sharp features. He handed me a cup of tea and took a seat diagonally opposite me on the double bed. |
'Should I speak first, or will you?' I said. |
'About?' |
'Riya.' |
He sighed. |
'Do you think you knew her well?' |
'Yes,' he said. |
'You feel comfortable talking about her to me?' |
He thought for a few seconds and nodded. |
'So tell me everything. Tell me the story of Madhav and Riya.' |
'A story that fate left incomplete,' he said. |
I came back to my room, irritated by his audacity. Dumping the notebooks and the slip with his phone number in the dustbin, I sat on the bed, a little unsettled, I can't let someone I just met get the better of me, I thought, shaking my head. I switched off the lights and lay down. I had to catch an early-morning flight to Mumbai the next day and had a four-hour window of sleep. I couldn't wait to reach home. |
However, I couldn't stop thinking about my encounter with the mysterious Madhav, Who was this guy? The words 'Dumraon','Stephen's' and 'Delhi' floated around in my head. Questions popped up: What the hell is a half-girlfriend? And why do 1 have a dead girls journals in my room? |
Eyes wide open, 1 lay in bed, staring at the little flashing red light from the smoke detector on the ceiling. The journals bothered me. Sure, they lay in the dustbin. However, something about those torn pages, the dead person and her half-boyfriend, or whoever he was, intrigued me. Don't go there, I thought, but my mind screamed down its own suggestion: Read just one page. |
'Don't even think about it, 'I said out loud. But thirty minutes later, I switched on the lights in my room, fished out the journals from the dustbin and opened the first volume. Most pages were too damaged to read. I tried to make sense of what I could. The first page dated back nine years to 1 November 2002. Riya had written about her fifteenth birthday. One mere page, I kept thinking. I flipped through the pages as I tried to find another readable one. 1 read one more section, and then another. Three hours later, I had read whatever could be read in the entire set. |
The room phone rang at 5 a.m., startling me. |
'Your wake-up call, sir,' the hotel operator said. |
'I am awake, thank you,' I said, as I'd never slept at all. I called Jet Airways. |
'I'd like to cancel a ticket on the Patna-Mumbai flight this morning.' |
Pulling out the slip of paper with Madhav's number from the dustbin, I texted him: We need to talk. |
Important. |
At 6.30 a.m., the tall, lanky man was in my room once more. |
'Make tea for both of us. The kettle is above the minibar.' |
He followed my instructions. The early morning sun highlighted his sharp features. He handed me a cup of tea and took a seat diagonally opposite me on the double bed. |
'Should I speak first, or will you?' I said. |
'About?' |
'Riya.' |
He sighed. |
'Do you think you knew her well?' |
'Yes,' he said. |
'You feel comfortable talking about her to me?' |
He thought for a few seconds and nodded. |
'So tell me everything. Tell me the story of Madhav and Riya.' |
'A story that fate left incomplete,' he said. |
I came back to my room, irritated by his audacity. Dumping the notebooks and the slip with his phone number in the dustbin, I sat on the bed, a little unsettled, I can't let someone I just met get the better of me, I thought, shaking my head. I switched off the lights and lay down. I had to catch an early-morning flight to Mumbai the next day and had a four-hour window of sleep. I couldn't wait to reach home. |
However, I couldn't stop thinking about my encounter with the mysterious Madhav, Who was this guy? The words 'Dumraon','Stephen's' and 'Delhi' floated around in my head. Questions popped up: What the hell is a half-girlfriend? And why do 1 have a dead girls journals in my room? |
Eyes wide open, 1 lay in bed, staring at the little flashing red light from the smoke detector on the ceiling. The journals bothered me. Sure, they lay in the dustbin. However, something about those torn pages, the dead person and her half-boyfriend, or whoever he was, intrigued me. Don't go there, I thought, but my mind screamed down its own suggestion: Read just one page. |
'Don't even think about it, 'I said out loud. But thirty minutes later, I switched on the lights in my room, fished out the journals from the dustbin and opened the first volume. Most pages were too damaged to read. I tried to make sense of what I could. The first page dated back nine years to 1 November 2002. Riya had written about her fifteenth birthday. One mere page, I kept thinking. I flipped through the pages as I tried to find another readable one. 1 read one more section, and then another. Three hours later, I had read whatever could be read in the entire set. |
The room phone rang at 5 a.m., startling me. |
'Your wake-up call, sir,' the hotel operator said. |
'I am awake, thank you,' I said, as I'd never slept at all. I called Jet Airways. |
'I'd like to cancel a ticket on the Patna-Mumbai flight this morning.' |
Pulling out the slip of paper with Madhav's number from the dustbin, I texted him: We need to talk. |
Important. |
At 6.30 a.m., the tall, lanky man was in my room once more. |
'Make tea for both of us. The kettle is above the minibar.' |
He followed my instructions. The early morning sun highlighted his sharp features. He handed me a cup of tea and took a seat diagonally opposite me on the double bed. |
'Should I speak first, or will you?' I said. |
'About?' |
'Riya.' |
He sighed. |
'Do you think you knew her well?' |
'Yes,' he said. |
'You feel comfortable talking about her to me?' |
He thought for a few seconds and nodded. |
'So tell me everything. Tell me the story of Madhav and Riya.' |
'A story that fate left incomplete,' he said. |
I came back to my room, irritated by his audacity. Dumping the notebooks and the slip with his phone number in the dustbin, I sat on the bed, a little unsettled, I can't let someone I just met get the better of me, I thought, shaking my head. I switched off the lights and lay down. I had to catch an early-morning flight to Mumbai the next day and had a four-hour window of sleep. I couldn't wait to reach home. |
However, I couldn't stop thinking about my encounter with the mysterious Madhav, Who was this guy? The words 'Dumraon','Stephen's' and 'Delhi' floated around in my head. Questions popped up: What the hell is a half-girlfriend? And why do 1 have a dead girls journals in my room? |
Eyes wide open, 1 lay in bed, staring at the little flashing red light from the smoke detector on the ceiling. The journals bothered me. Sure, they lay in the dustbin. However, something about those torn pages, the dead person and her half-boyfriend, or whoever he was, intrigued me. Don't go there, I thought, but my mind screamed down its own suggestion: Read just one page. |
'Don't even think about it, 'I said out loud. But thirty minutes later, I switched on the lights in my room, fished out the journals from the dustbin and opened the first volume. Most pages were too damaged to read. I tried to make sense of what I could. The first page dated back nine years to 1 November 2002. Riya had written about her fifteenth birthday. One mere page, I kept thinking. I flipped through the pages as I tried to find another readable one. 1 read one more section, and then another. Three hours later, I had read whatever could be read in the entire set. |
The room phone rang at 5 a.m., startling me. |
'Your wake-up call, sir,' the hotel operator said. |
'I am awake, thank you,' I said, as I'd never slept at all. I called Jet Airways. |
'I'd like to cancel a ticket on the Patna-Mumbai flight this morning.' |
Pulling out the slip of paper with Madhav's number from the dustbin, I texted him: We need to talk. |
Important. |
At 6.30 a.m., the tall, lanky man was in my room once more. |
'Make tea for both of us. The kettle is above the minibar.' |
He followed my instructions. The early morning sun highlighted his sharp features. He handed me a cup of tea and took a seat diagonally opposite me on the double bed. |
'Should I speak first, or will you?' I said. |
'About?' |
'Riya.' |
He sighed. |
'Do you think you knew her well?' |
'Yes,' he said. |
'You feel comfortable talking about her to me?' |
He thought for a few seconds and nodded. |
'So tell me everything. Tell me the story of Madhav and Riya.' |
'A story that fate left incomplete,' he said. |
"There is no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening!" |
It was a remark dropped by a forgotten someone in a prospectors hut one night, years and years ago, when we had exhausted snakes and hunting, lucky strikes and escapes, and had got away into coincidences. One of the party had been telling us an experience of his. He was introduced on the day he arrived to a man well known on the fields. It seemed quite impossible that they could have met before, for they compared dates and places for ten years back, and yet both were puzzled by the hazy suggestion of having seen the other before, and, in our friend's case, of something more definite. His remark to the other was: |
"I can't help feeling that I saw you once in a devil of a fright somewhere-or dreamt it, I suppose!" |
But this first feeling faded quickly away, and was utterly forgotten by both. Later on they shared a hut near Rimer's Creek, and afterwards, when houses came into vogue, they lived for several years together, while the first impression was lying buried, but not dead. |
One day, in the process of swapping yarns, the other man was telling of the "narrowest escape he ever had"-and all due to such a simple little mistake. A ticket-collector took the tickets at the wrong end of a footbridge. Instead of collecting them as the passengers from the train went on to the bridge, he took them as they were going off. The result was that the crowd of excursionists was too great for the little bridge, and it slipped between the abutments, carrying some two hundred people into the river below, the narrator being one of them. It was then that the dormant idea stirred and awoke-jumped into life-and our friend put up his hands as he had done fifteen years before, when the little bridge in Bath dropped, and gasped out: |
"My God! you were the other chap that hung on to the broken rail! That's where we met!" |
That was what prompted the forgotten one to say after we had lapsed into silence: |
"There's no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening!" |
And I only recall the remark because it must be my apology for telling plain truth just as it happened. |
When a man has spent some years of his life-the years of young manhood they generally are-in the veld, in the waggon, or tent, or Bush, it is an almost invariable rule that something which you can't define germinates in him and never entirely dies until he does. When this thing-this instinct, feeling, craving, call it what you will-awakens, as it periodically does, it becomes a madness, and they call it trek-fever, and then, as an old friend used to say, "You must trek or burst!" There are many stories based on trek-fever, but this is not one of them; and if you were to ask those who know them, or, better still, get hold of any of the old hands, hard-headed, commonplace, unromantic specimens though they might be, who have lived in the veld-if you gave them time to let it slip out unawares-you would find that every man jack of them would have something to say about the camp-fire. I do believe that the fascination within the fascination is the camp-fire in veld life, with its pleasant yarn-swapping, and its long, pregnant, thoughtful silences, no less enjoyable. The least loquacious individual in the world will be tempted to unfold a tale within the circle of a camp-fires light. |
"There is no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening!" |
It was a remark dropped by a forgotten someone in a prospectors hut one night, years and years ago, when we had exhausted snakes and hunting, lucky strikes and escapes, and had got away into coincidences. One of the party had been telling us an experience of his. He was introduced on the day he arrived to a man well known on the fields. It seemed quite impossible that they could have met before, for they compared dates and places for ten years back, and yet both were puzzled by the hazy suggestion of having seen the other before, and, in our friend's case, of something more definite. His remark to the other was: |
"I can't help feeling that I saw you once in a devil of a fright somewhere-or dreamt it, I suppose!" |
But this first feeling faded quickly away, and was utterly forgotten by both. Later on they shared a hut near Rimer's Creek, and afterwards, when houses came into vogue, they lived for several years together, while the first impression was lying buried, but not dead. |
One day, in the process of swapping yarns, the other man was telling of the "narrowest escape he ever had"-and all due to such a simple little mistake. A ticket-collector took the tickets at the wrong end of a footbridge. Instead of collecting them as the passengers from the train went on to the bridge, he took them as they were going off. The result was that the crowd of excursionists was too great for the little bridge, and it slipped between the abutments, carrying some two hundred people into the river below, the narrator being one of them. It was then that the dormant idea stirred and awoke-jumped into life-and our friend put up his hands as he had done fifteen years before, when the little bridge in Bath dropped, and gasped out: |
"My God! you were the other chap that hung on to the broken rail! That's where we met!" |
That was what prompted the forgotten one to say after we had lapsed into silence: |
"There's no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening!" |
And I only recall the remark because it must be my apology for telling plain truth just as it happened. |
When a man has spent some years of his life-the years of young manhood they generally are-in the veld, in the waggon, or tent, or Bush, it is an almost invariable rule that something which you can't define germinates in him and never entirely dies until he does. When this thing-this instinct, feeling, craving, call it what you will-awakens, as it periodically does, it becomes a madness, and they call it trek-fever, and then, as an old friend used to say, "You must trek or burst!" There are many stories based on trek-fever, but this is not one of them; and if you were to ask those who know them, or, better still, get hold of any of the old hands, hard-headed, commonplace, unromantic specimens though they might be, who have lived in the veld-if you gave them time to let it slip out unawares-you would find that every man jack of them would have something to say about the camp-fire. I do believe that the fascination within the fascination is the camp-fire in veld life, with its pleasant yarn-swapping, and its long, pregnant, thoughtful silences, no less enjoyable. The least loquacious individual in the world will be tempted to unfold a tale within the circle of a camp-fires light. |
"There is no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening!" |
It was a remark dropped by a forgotten someone in a prospectors hut one night, years and years ago, when we had exhausted snakes and hunting, lucky strikes and escapes, and had got away into coincidences. One of the party had been telling us an experience of his. He was introduced on the day he arrived to a man well known on the fields. It seemed quite impossible that they could have met before, for they compared dates and places for ten years back, and yet both were puzzled by the hazy suggestion of having seen the other before, and, in our friend's case, of something more definite. His remark to the other was: |
"I can't help feeling that I saw you once in a devil of a fright somewhere-or dreamt it, I suppose!" |
But this first feeling faded quickly away, and was utterly forgotten by both. Later on they shared a hut near Rimer's Creek, and afterwards, when houses came into vogue, they lived for several years together, while the first impression was lying buried, but not dead. |
One day, in the process of swapping yarns, the other man was telling of the "narrowest escape he ever had"-and all due to such a simple little mistake. A ticket-collector took the tickets at the wrong end of a footbridge. Instead of collecting them as the passengers from the train went on to the bridge, he took them as they were going off. The result was that the crowd of excursionists was too great for the little bridge, and it slipped between the abutments, carrying some two hundred people into the river below, the narrator being one of them. It was then that the dormant idea stirred and awoke-jumped into life-and our friend put up his hands as he had done fifteen years before, when the little bridge in Bath dropped, and gasped out: |
"My God! you were the other chap that hung on to the broken rail! That's where we met!" |
That was what prompted the forgotten one to say after we had lapsed into silence: |
"There's no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening!" |
And I only recall the remark because it must be my apology for telling plain truth just as it happened. |
When a man has spent some years of his life-the years of young manhood they generally are-in the veld, in the waggon, or tent, or Bush, it is an almost invariable rule that something which you can't define germinates in him and never entirely dies until he does. When this thing-this instinct, feeling, craving, call it what you will-awakens, as it periodically does, it becomes a madness, and they call it trek-fever, and then, as an old friend used to say, "You must trek or burst!" There are many stories based on trek-fever, but this is not one of them; and if you were to ask those who know them, or, better still, get hold of any of the old hands, hard-headed, commonplace, unromantic specimens though they might be, who have lived in the veld-if you gave them time to let it slip out unawares-you would find that every man jack of them would have something to say about the camp-fire. I do believe that the fascination within the fascination is the camp-fire in veld life, with its pleasant yarn-swapping, and its long, pregnant, thoughtful silences, no less enjoyable. The least loquacious individual in the world will be tempted to unfold a tale within the circle of a camp-fires light. |
"There is no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening!" |
It was a remark dropped by a forgotten someone in a prospectors hut one night, years and years ago, when we had exhausted snakes and hunting, lucky strikes and escapes, and had got away into coincidences. One of the party had been telling us an experience of his. He was introduced on the day he arrived to a man well known on the fields. It seemed quite impossible that they could have met before, for they compared dates and places for ten years back, and yet both were puzzled by the hazy suggestion of having seen the other before, and, in our friend's case, of something more definite. His remark to the other was: |
"I can't help feeling that I saw you once in a devil of a fright somewhere-or dreamt it, I suppose!" |
But this first feeling faded quickly away, and was utterly forgotten by both. Later on they shared a hut near Rimer's Creek, and afterwards, when houses came into vogue, they lived for several years together, while the first impression was lying buried, but not dead. |
One day, in the process of swapping yarns, the other man was telling of the "narrowest escape he ever had"-and all due to such a simple little mistake. A ticket-collector took the tickets at the wrong end of a footbridge. Instead of collecting them as the passengers from the train went on to the bridge, he took them as they were going off. The result was that the crowd of excursionists was too great for the little bridge, and it slipped between the abutments, carrying some two hundred people into the river below, the narrator being one of them. It was then that the dormant idea stirred and awoke-jumped into life-and our friend put up his hands as he had done fifteen years before, when the little bridge in Bath dropped, and gasped out: |
"My God! you were the other chap that hung on to the broken rail! That's where we met!" |
That was what prompted the forgotten one to say after we had lapsed into silence: |
"There's no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening!" |
And I only recall the remark because it must be my apology for telling plain truth just as it happened. |
When a man has spent some years of his life-the years of young manhood they generally are-in the veld, in the waggon, or tent, or Bush, it is an almost invariable rule that something which you can't define germinates in him and never entirely dies until he does. When this thing-this instinct, feeling, craving, call it what you will-awakens, as it periodically does, it becomes a madness, and they call it trek-fever, and then, as an old friend used to say, "You must trek or burst!" There are many stories based on trek-fever, but this is not one of them; and if you were to ask those who know them, or, better still, get hold of any of the old hands, hard-headed, commonplace, unromantic specimens though they might be, who have lived in the veld-if you gave them time to let it slip out unawares-you would find that every man jack of them would have something to say about the camp-fire. I do believe that the fascination within the fascination is the camp-fire in veld life, with its pleasant yarn-swapping, and its long, pregnant, thoughtful silences, no less enjoyable. The least loquacious individual in the world will be tempted to unfold a tale within the circle of a camp-fires light. |
There is no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening! |
It was a remark dropped by a forgotten someone in a prospectors hut one night, years and years ago, when we had exhausted snakes and hunting, lucky strikes and escapes, and had got away into coincidences. One of the party had been telling us an experience of his. He was introduced on the day he arrived to a man well known on the fields. It seemed quite impossible that they could have met before, for they compared dates and places for ten years back, and yet both were puzzled by the hazy suggestion of having seen the other before, and, in our friends case, of something more definite. His remark to the other was: |
I cant help feeling that I saw you once in a devil of a fright somewhere-or dreamt it, I suppose! |
But this first feeling faded quickly away, and was utterly forgotten by both. Later on they shared a hut near Rimers Creek, and afterwards, when houses came into vogue, they lived for several years together, while the first impression was lying buried, but not dead. |
One day, in the process of swapping yarns, the other man was telling of the narrowest escape he ever had-and all due to such a simple little mistake. A ticket-collector took the tickets at the wrong end of a footbridge. Instead of collecting them as the passengers from the train went on to the bridge, he took them as they were going off. The result was that the crowd of excursionists was too great for the little bridge, and it slipped between the abutments, carrying some two hundred people into the river below, the narrator being one of them. It was then that the dormant idea stirred and awoke-jumped into life-and our friend put up his hands as he had done fifteen years before, when the little bridge in Bath dropped, and gasped out: |
My God! you were the other chap that hung on to the broken rail! Thats where we met! |
That was what prompted the forgotten one to say after we had lapsed into silence: |
Theres no art in the Telling that can equal the consummate art of the Happening! |
And I only recall the remark because it must be my apology for telling plain truth just as it happened. |
When a man has spent some years of his life-the years of young manhood they generally are-in the veld, in the waggon, or tent, or Bush, it is an almost invariable rule that something which you cant define germinates in him and never entirely dies until he does. When this thing-this instinct, feeling, craving, call it what you will-awakens, as it periodically does, it becomes a madness, and they call it trek-fever, and then, as an old friend used to say, You must trek or burst! There are many stories based on trek-fever, but this is not one of them; and if you were to ask those who know them, or, better still, get hold of any of the old hands, hard-headed, commonplace, unromantic specimens though they might be, who have lived in the veld-if you gave them time to let it slip out unawares-you would find that every man jack of them would have something to say about the camp-fire. I do believe that the fascination within the fascination is the camp-fire in veld life, with its pleasant yarn-swapping, and its long, pregnant, thoughtful silences, no less enjoyable. The least loquacious individual in the world will be tempted to unfold a tale within the circle of a camp-fires light. |
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. |
However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters. |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" |
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. |
"But it is, returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it." |
Mr. Bennet made no answer. |
"Do you not want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife impatiently. |
"You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it." |
This was invitation enough. |
"Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week." |
"What is his name?" |
"Bingley." |
"Is he married or single?" |
"Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!" |
"How so? How can it affect them?" |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," replied his wife, "how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them." |
"Is that his design in settling here?" |
"Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in: love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes." |
"I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley may like you the best of the party." |
"My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty." |
"In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of." |
"But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighbourhood." |
"It is more than I engage for, I assure you." |
"But consider your daughters. Only think what an establishment it would be for one of them. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general, you know, they visit no newcomers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him if you do not." |
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. |
However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters. |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" |
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. |
"But it is, returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it." |
Mr. Bennet made no answer. |
"Do you not want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife impatiently. |
"You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it." |
This was invitation enough. |
"Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week." |
"What is his name?" |
"Bingley." |
"Is he married or single?" |
"Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!" |
"How so? How can it affect them?" |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," replied his wife, "how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them." |
"Is that his design in settling here?" |
"Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in: love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes." |
"I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley may like you the best of the party." |
"My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty." |
"In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of." |
"But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighbourhood." |
"It is more than I engage for, I assure you." |
"But consider your daughters. Only think what an establishment it would be for one of them. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general, you know, they visit no newcomers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him if you do not." |
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. |
However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters. |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" |
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. |
"But it is, returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it." |
Mr. Bennet made no answer. |
"Do you not want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife impatiently. |
"You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it." |
This was invitation enough. |
"Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week." |
"What is his name?" |
"Bingley." |
"Is he married or single?" |
"Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!" |
"How so? How can it affect them?" |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," replied his wife, "how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them." |
"Is that his design in settling here?" |
"Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in: love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes." |
"I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley may like you the best of the party." |
"My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty." |
"In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of." |
"But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighbourhood." |
"It is more than I engage for, I assure you." |
"But consider your daughters. Only think what an establishment it would be for one of them. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general, you know, they visit no newcomers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him if you do not." |
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. |
However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters. |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" |
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. |
"But it is, returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it." |
Mr. Bennet made no answer. |
"Do you not want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife impatiently. |
"You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it." |
This was invitation enough. |
"Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week." |
"What is his name?" |
"Bingley." |
"Is he married or single?" |
"Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!" |
"How so? How can it affect them?" |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," replied his wife, "how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them." |
"Is that his design in settling here?" |
"Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in: love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes." |
"I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley may like you the best of the party." |
"My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty." |
"In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of." |
"But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighbourhood." |
"It is more than I engage for, I assure you." |
"But consider your daughters. Only think what an establishment it would be for one of them. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general, you know, they visit no newcomers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him if you do not." |
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. |
However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of someone or other of their daughters. |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" |
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. |
"But it is, returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it." |
Mr. Bennet made no answer. |
"Do you not want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife impatiently. |
"You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it." |
This was invitation enough. |
"Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week." |
"What is his name?" |
"Bingley." |
"Is he married or single?" |
"Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!" |
"How so? How can it affect them?" |
"My dear Mr. Bennet," replied his wife, "how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them." |
"Is that his design in settling here?" |
"Design! Nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in: love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes." |
"I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley may like you the best of the party." |
"My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty." |
"In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of." |
"But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighbourhood." |
"It is more than I engage for, I assure you." |
"But consider your daughters. Only think what an establishment it would be for one of them. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general, you know, they visit no newcomers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him if you do not." |
Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of haying nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, 'and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice without pictures or conversations? |
So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her. |
There was nothing so very remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, 'Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!' (when she thought it over afterwards. It occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge. |
In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again. |
The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep well. |
Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with cupboards and book-shelves; here and there she saw maps and pictures hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as she passed; it was labelled 'ORANGE MARMALADE,' but to her great disappointment it was empty: she did not like to drop the jar for fear of killing somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as she fell past it. |
'Well!' thought Alice to herself, 'after such a fall as this, I shall think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they'll all think me at home! Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, even if I fell off the top of the house!' (Which was very likely true.) |
Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an end! 'I wonder how many miles I've fallen by this time?' she said aloud. 'I must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four thousand miles down, I think-' (for, you see, Alice had learnt several things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom, and though this was not a very good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) '-yes, that's about the right distance-but then I wonder what Latitude or Longitude I've got to?' (Alice had no idea what Latitude was, or Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to say.) |
Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of haying nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, 'and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice without pictures or conversations? |
So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her. |
There was nothing so very remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, 'Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!' (when she thought it over afterwards. It occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge. |
In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again. |
The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep well. |
Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with cupboards and book-shelves; here and there she saw maps and pictures hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as she passed; it was labelled 'ORANGE MARMALADE,' but to her great disappointment it was empty: she did not like to drop the jar for fear of killing somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as she fell past it. |
'Well!' thought Alice to herself, 'after such a fall as this, I shall think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they'll all think me at home! Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, even if I fell off the top of the house!' (Which was very likely true.) |
Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an end! 'I wonder how many miles I've fallen by this time?' she said aloud. 'I must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four thousand miles down, I think-' (for, you see, Alice had learnt several things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom, and though this was not a very good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) '-yes, that's about the right distance-but then I wonder what Latitude or Longitude I've got to?' (Alice had no idea what Latitude was, or Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to say.) |
Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of haying nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, 'and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice without pictures or conversations? |
So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her. |
There was nothing so very remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, 'Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!' (when she thought it over afterwards. It occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge. |
In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again. |
The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep well. |
Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with cupboards and book-shelves; here and there she saw maps and pictures hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as she passed; it was labelled 'ORANGE MARMALADE,' but to her great disappointment it was empty: she did not like to drop the jar for fear of killing somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as she fell past it. |
'Well!' thought Alice to herself, 'after such a fall as this, I shall think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they'll all think me at home! Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, even if I fell off the top of the house!' (Which was very likely true.) |
Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an end! 'I wonder how many miles I've fallen by this time?' she said aloud. 'I must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four thousand miles down, I think-' (for, you see, Alice had learnt several things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom, and though this was not a very good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) '-yes, that's about the right distance-but then I wonder what Latitude or Longitude I've got to?' (Alice had no idea what Latitude was, or Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to say.) |
Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of haying nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, 'and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice without pictures or conversations? |
So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her. |
There was nothing so very remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, 'Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!' (when she thought it over afterwards. It occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge. |
In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again. |
The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep well. |
Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with cupboards and book-shelves; here and there she saw maps and pictures hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as she passed; it was labelled 'ORANGE MARMALADE,' but to her great disappointment it was empty: she did not like to drop the jar for fear of killing somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as she fell past it. |
'Well!' thought Alice to herself, 'after such a fall as this, I shall think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they'll all think me at home! Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, even if I fell off the top of the house!' (Which was very likely true.) |
Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an end! 'I wonder how many miles I've fallen by this time?' she said aloud. 'I must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four thousand miles down, I think-' (for, you see, Alice had learnt several things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom, and though this was not a very good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) '-yes, that's about the right distance-but then I wonder what Latitude or Longitude I've got to?' (Alice had no idea what Latitude was, or Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to say.) |
Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of haying nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, 'and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice without pictures or conversations? |
So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her. |
There was nothing so very remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, 'Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be late!' (when she thought it over afterwards. It occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and fortunately was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge. |
In another moment down went Alice after it, never once considering how in the world she was to get out again. |
The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down a very deep well. |
Either the well was very deep, or she fell very slowly, for she had plenty of time as she went down to look about her and to wonder what was going to happen next. First, she tried to look down and make out what she was coming to, but it was too dark to see anything; then she looked at the sides of the well, and noticed that they were filled with cupboards and book-shelves; here and there she saw maps and pictures hung upon pegs. She took down a jar from one of the shelves as she passed; it was labelled 'ORANGE MARMALADE,' but to her great disappointment it was empty: she did not like to drop the jar for fear of killing somebody, so managed to put it into one of the cupboards as she fell past it. |
'Well!' thought Alice to herself, 'after such a fall as this, I shall think nothing of tumbling down stairs! How brave they'll all think me at home! Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, even if I fell off the top of the house!' (Which was very likely true.) |
Down, down, down. Would the fall never come to an end! 'I wonder how many miles I've fallen by this time?' she said aloud. 'I must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four thousand miles down, I think-' (for, you see, Alice had learnt several things of this sort in her lessons in the schoolroom, and though this was not a very good opportunity for showing off her knowledge, as there was no one to listen to her, still it was good practice to say it over) '-yes, that's about the right distance-but then I wonder what Latitude or Longitude I've got to?' (Alice had no idea what Latitude was, or Longitude either, but thought they were nice grand words to say.) |
'Come quickly. Shiva's tribe has fallen ill.' |
'Already? But this is only the first night'! exclaimed Nandi. Picking up his angvastram he said, 'Lets go!' |
The bathroom seemed a strange place for a bath. Shiva was used to splashing about in the chilly Mansarovar Lake for his bi-monthly ablutions. The bathroom felt strangely constricted. He turned the magical device on the wall to increase the flow of water. He used the strange cake-like substance that the Meluhans said was a soap to rub the body clean. Ayurvati had been very clear. The soap had to be used. |
He turned the water off and picked up the towel. As he rubbed himself vigorously, the mystifying development he had ignored in the past few hours came flooding back. His shoulder felt better than new. |
He looked down in awe at his knee. No pain, no scar. He stared in wonder at his completely healed toe. |
And then he realised that it wasn't just the injured parts, but his entire body felt new, rejuvenated and stronger than ever. His neck, though, still felt intolerably cold. |
What the devil is going on? |
He stepped out of the bathroom and quickly wore a new dhoti. Again, Ayurvati's strict instructions were not to wear his old clothes which were stained by his sweat. As he was putting on the angvastram around his neck for some warmth, there was a knock on the door. It was Ayurvati. 'Shiva, can you open the door please? I just want to check whether you are all right.' |
Shiva opened the door. Ayurvati stepped in and checked Shiva's temperature; it was normal. Ayurvati nodded slightly and said, 'You seem to be healthy. And your tribe is recovering quickly as well. The trouble has passed.' |
Shiva smiled gratefully. 'Thanks to the skills and efficiency of your team. I am truly sorry for arguing with you earlier. It was unnecessary. I know you meant well.' |
Ayurvati looked up from her palm-leaf booklet with a slight smile and a raised eyebrow. 'Being polite, are we?' |
'I'm not that rude, you know,' grinned Shiva. 'You people are just too supercilious!' |
Ayurvati suddenly stopped listening as she stared at Shiva with a stunned look on her face. How had she not noticed it before? She had never believed in the legend. Was she going to be the first one to see it come true? Pointing weakly with her hands she mumbled, 'Why have you covered your neck?' |
'It's very cold for some reason. Is it something to get worried about?' asked Shiva as he pulled the angvastram off. |
A cry resounded loudly through the silent room as Ayurvati staggered back. Her hand covered her mouth in shock while the palm leaves scattered on the floor. Her knees were too weak to hold her up. She collapsed with her back against the wall, never once taking her eyes off Shiva. Tears broke through her proud eyes. She kept repeating, 'Om Brahmaye namah. Om Brahmaye namah.' |
'What happened? Is it serious?' asked a worried Shiva. |
'You have come! My Lord, you have come!' |
Before a bewildered Shiva could react to her strange reaction, Nandi rushed in and noticed Ayurvati on the ground. Copious tears were flowing down her face. |
'What happened, my lady?' asked a startled Nandi. |
Ayurvati just pointed at Shiva's neck. Nandi looked up. The neck shone an eerie iridescent blue. With a cry that sounded like that of a long caged animal just released from captivity, Nandi collapsed on his knees. 'My Lord! You have come! The Neelkanth has come!' |
The Captain bent low and brought his head down to touch the Neelkanths feet reverentially. The object of his adoration however, stepped back, befuddled and perturbed. |
'What the hell is going on here?' Shiva asked agitatedly. |
Holding a hand .to his freezing neck, he turned around to the polished copper plate and stared in stunned astonishment at the reflection of his neel kanth; his blue throat. |
'Come quickly. Shiva's tribe has fallen ill.' |
'Already? But this is only the first night'! exclaimed Nandi. Picking up his angvastram he said, 'Lets go!' |
The bathroom seemed a strange place for a bath. Shiva was used to splashing about in the chilly Mansarovar Lake for his bi-monthly ablutions. The bathroom felt strangely constricted. He turned the magical device on the wall to increase the flow of water. He used the strange cake-like substance that the Meluhans said was a soap to rub the body clean. Ayurvati had been very clear. The soap had to be used. |
He turned the water off and picked up the towel. As he rubbed himself vigorously, the mystifying development he had ignored in the past few hours came flooding back. His shoulder felt better than new. |
He looked down in awe at his knee. No pain, no scar. He stared in wonder at his completely healed toe. |
And then he realised that it wasn't just the injured parts, but his entire body felt new, rejuvenated and stronger than ever. His neck, though, still felt intolerably cold. |
What the devil is going on? |
He stepped out of the bathroom and quickly wore a new dhoti. Again, Ayurvati's strict instructions were not to wear his old clothes which were stained by his sweat. As he was putting on the angvastram around his neck for some warmth, there was a knock on the door. It was Ayurvati. 'Shiva, can you open the door please? I just want to check whether you are all right.' |
Shiva opened the door. Ayurvati stepped in and checked Shiva's temperature; it was normal. Ayurvati nodded slightly and said, 'You seem to be healthy. And your tribe is recovering quickly as well. The trouble has passed.' |
Shiva smiled gratefully. 'Thanks to the skills and efficiency of your team. I am truly sorry for arguing with you earlier. It was unnecessary. I know you meant well.' |
Ayurvati looked up from her palm-leaf booklet with a slight smile and a raised eyebrow. 'Being polite, are we?' |
'I'm not that rude, you know,' grinned Shiva. 'You people are just too supercilious!' |
Ayurvati suddenly stopped listening as she stared at Shiva with a stunned look on her face. How had she not noticed it before? She had never believed in the legend. Was she going to be the first one to see it come true? Pointing weakly with her hands she mumbled, 'Why have you covered your neck?' |
'It's very cold for some reason. Is it something to get worried about?' asked Shiva as he pulled the angvastram off. |
A cry resounded loudly through the silent room as Ayurvati staggered back. Her hand covered her mouth in shock while the palm leaves scattered on the floor. Her knees were too weak to hold her up. She collapsed with her back against the wall, never once taking her eyes off Shiva. Tears broke through her proud eyes. She kept repeating, 'Om Brahmaye namah. Om Brahmaye namah.' |
'What happened? Is it serious?' asked a worried Shiva. |
'You have come! My Lord, you have come!' |
Before a bewildered Shiva could react to her strange reaction, Nandi rushed in and noticed Ayurvati on the ground. Copious tears were flowing down her face. |
'What happened, my lady?' asked a startled Nandi. |
Ayurvati just pointed at Shiva's neck. Nandi looked up. The neck shone an eerie iridescent blue. With a cry that sounded like that of a long caged animal just released from captivity, Nandi collapsed on his knees. 'My Lord! You have come! The Neelkanth has come!' |
The Captain bent low and brought his head down to touch the Neelkanths feet reverentially. The object of his adoration however, stepped back, befuddled and perturbed. |
'What the hell is going on here?' Shiva asked agitatedly. |
Holding a hand .to his freezing neck, he turned around to the polished copper plate and stared in stunned astonishment at the reflection of his neel kanth; his blue throat. |
'Come quickly. Shiva's tribe has fallen ill.' |
'Already? But this is only the first night'! exclaimed Nandi. Picking up his angvastram he said, 'Lets go!' |
The bathroom seemed a strange place for a bath. Shiva was used to splashing about in the chilly Mansarovar Lake for his bi-monthly ablutions. The bathroom felt strangely constricted. He turned the magical device on the wall to increase the flow of water. He used the strange cake-like substance that the Meluhans said was a soap to rub the body clean. Ayurvati had been very clear. The soap had to be used. |
He turned the water off and picked up the towel. As he rubbed himself vigorously, the mystifying development he had ignored in the past few hours came flooding back. His shoulder felt better than new. |
He looked down in awe at his knee. No pain, no scar. He stared in wonder at his completely healed toe. |
And then he realised that it wasn't just the injured parts, but his entire body felt new, rejuvenated and stronger than ever. His neck, though, still felt intolerably cold. |
What the devil is going on? |
He stepped out of the bathroom and quickly wore a new dhoti. Again, Ayurvati's strict instructions were not to wear his old clothes which were stained by his sweat. As he was putting on the angvastram around his neck for some warmth, there was a knock on the door. It was Ayurvati. 'Shiva, can you open the door please? I just want to check whether you are all right.' |
Shiva opened the door. Ayurvati stepped in and checked Shiva's temperature; it was normal. Ayurvati nodded slightly and said, 'You seem to be healthy. And your tribe is recovering quickly as well. The trouble has passed.' |
Shiva smiled gratefully. 'Thanks to the skills and efficiency of your team. I am truly sorry for arguing with you earlier. It was unnecessary. I know you meant well.' |
Ayurvati looked up from her palm-leaf booklet with a slight smile and a raised eyebrow. 'Being polite, are we?' |
'I'm not that rude, you know,' grinned Shiva. 'You people are just too supercilious!' |
Ayurvati suddenly stopped listening as she stared at Shiva with a stunned look on her face. How had she not noticed it before? She had never believed in the legend. Was she going to be the first one to see it come true? Pointing weakly with her hands she mumbled, 'Why have you covered your neck?' |
'It's very cold for some reason. Is it something to get worried about?' asked Shiva as he pulled the angvastram off. |
A cry resounded loudly through the silent room as Ayurvati staggered back. Her hand covered her mouth in shock while the palm leaves scattered on the floor. Her knees were too weak to hold her up. She collapsed with her back against the wall, never once taking her eyes off Shiva. Tears broke through her proud eyes. She kept repeating, 'Om Brahmaye namah. Om Brahmaye namah.' |
'What happened? Is it serious?' asked a worried Shiva. |
'You have come! My Lord, you have come!' |
Before a bewildered Shiva could react to her strange reaction, Nandi rushed in and noticed Ayurvati on the ground. Copious tears were flowing down her face. |
'What happened, my lady?' asked a startled Nandi. |
Ayurvati just pointed at Shiva's neck. Nandi looked up. The neck shone an eerie iridescent blue. With a cry that sounded like that of a long caged animal just released from captivity, Nandi collapsed on his knees. 'My Lord! You have come! The Neelkanth has come!' |
The Captain bent low and brought his head down to touch the Neelkanths feet reverentially. The object of his adoration however, stepped back, befuddled and perturbed. |
'What the hell is going on here?' Shiva asked agitatedly. |
Holding a hand .to his freezing neck, he turned around to the polished copper plate and stared in stunned astonishment at the reflection of his neel kanth; his blue throat. |
'Come quickly. Shiva's tribe has fallen ill.' |
'Already? But this is only the first night'! exclaimed Nandi. Picking up his angvastram he said, 'Lets go!' |
The bathroom seemed a strange place for a bath. Shiva was used to splashing about in the chilly Mansarovar Lake for his bi-monthly ablutions. The bathroom felt strangely constricted. He turned the magical device on the wall to increase the flow of water. He used the strange cake-like substance that the Meluhans said was a soap to rub the body clean. Ayurvati had been very clear. The soap had to be used. |
He turned the water off and picked up the towel. As he rubbed himself vigorously, the mystifying development he had ignored in the past few hours came flooding back. His shoulder felt better than new. |
He looked down in awe at his knee. No pain, no scar. He stared in wonder at his completely healed toe. |
And then he realised that it wasn't just the injured parts, but his entire body felt new, rejuvenated and stronger than ever. His neck, though, still felt intolerably cold. |
What the devil is going on? |
He stepped out of the bathroom and quickly wore a new dhoti. Again, Ayurvati's strict instructions were not to wear his old clothes which were stained by his sweat. As he was putting on the angvastram around his neck for some warmth, there was a knock on the door. It was Ayurvati. 'Shiva, can you open the door please? I just want to check whether you are all right.' |
Shiva opened the door. Ayurvati stepped in and checked Shiva's temperature; it was normal. Ayurvati nodded slightly and said, 'You seem to be healthy. And your tribe is recovering quickly as well. The trouble has passed.' |
Shiva smiled gratefully. 'Thanks to the skills and efficiency of your team. I am truly sorry for arguing with you earlier. It was unnecessary. I know you meant well.' |
Ayurvati looked up from her palm-leaf booklet with a slight smile and a raised eyebrow. 'Being polite, are we?' |
'I'm not that rude, you know,' grinned Shiva. 'You people are just too supercilious!' |
Ayurvati suddenly stopped listening as she stared at Shiva with a stunned look on her face. How had she not noticed it before? She had never believed in the legend. Was she going to be the first one to see it come true? Pointing weakly with her hands she mumbled, 'Why have you covered your neck?' |
'It's very cold for some reason. Is it something to get worried about?' asked Shiva as he pulled the angvastram off. |
A cry resounded loudly through the silent room as Ayurvati staggered back. Her hand covered her mouth in shock while the palm leaves scattered on the floor. Her knees were too weak to hold her up. She collapsed with her back against the wall, never once taking her eyes off Shiva. Tears broke through her proud eyes. She kept repeating, 'Om Brahmaye namah. Om Brahmaye namah.' |
'What happened? Is it serious?' asked a worried Shiva. |
'You have come! My Lord, you have come!' |
Before a bewildered Shiva could react to her strange reaction, Nandi rushed in and noticed Ayurvati on the ground. Copious tears were flowing down her face. |
'What happened, my lady?' asked a startled Nandi. |
Ayurvati just pointed at Shiva's neck. Nandi looked up. The neck shone an eerie iridescent blue. With a cry that sounded like that of a long caged animal just released from captivity, Nandi collapsed on his knees. 'My Lord! You have come! The Neelkanth has come!' |
The Captain bent low and brought his head down to touch the Neelkanths feet reverentially. The object of his adoration however, stepped back, befuddled and perturbed. |
'What the hell is going on here?' Shiva asked agitatedly. |
Holding a hand .to his freezing neck, he turned around to the polished copper plate and stared in stunned astonishment at the reflection of his neel kanth; his blue throat. |
'Come quickly. Shiva's tribe has fallen ill.' |
'Already? But this is only the first night'! exclaimed Nandi. Picking up his angvastram he said, 'Lets go!' |
The bathroom seemed a strange place for a bath. Shiva was used to splashing about in the chilly Mansarovar Lake for his bi-monthly ablutions. The bathroom felt strangely constricted. He turned the magical device on the wall to increase the flow of water. He used the strange cake-like substance that the Meluhans said was a soap to rub the body clean. Ayurvati had been very clear. The soap had to be used. |
He turned the water off and picked up the towel. As he rubbed himself vigorously, the mystifying development he had ignored in the past few hours came flooding back. His shoulder felt better than new. |
He looked down in awe at his knee. No pain, no scar. He stared in wonder at his completely healed toe. |
And then he realised that it wasn't just the injured parts, but his entire body felt new, rejuvenated and stronger than ever. His neck, though, still felt intolerably cold. |
What the devil is going on? |
He stepped out of the bathroom and quickly wore a new dhoti. Again, Ayurvati's strict instructions were not to wear his old clothes which were stained by his sweat. As he was putting on the angvastram around his neck for some warmth, there was a knock on the door. It was Ayurvati. 'Shiva, can you open the door please? I just want to check whether you are all right.' |
Shiva opened the door. Ayurvati stepped in and checked Shiva's temperature; it was normal. Ayurvati nodded slightly and said, 'You seem to be healthy. And your tribe is recovering quickly as well. The trouble has passed.' |
Shiva smiled gratefully. 'Thanks to the skills and efficiency of your team. I am truly sorry for arguing with you earlier. It was unnecessary. I know you meant well.' |
Ayurvati looked up from her palm-leaf booklet with a slight smile and a raised eyebrow. 'Being polite, are we?' |
'I'm not that rude, you know,' grinned Shiva. 'You people are just too supercilious!' |
Ayurvati suddenly stopped listening as she stared at Shiva with a stunned look on her face. How had she not noticed it before? She had never believed in the legend. Was she going to be the first one to see it come true? Pointing weakly with her hands she mumbled, 'Why have you covered your neck?' |
'It's very cold for some reason. Is it something to get worried about?' asked Shiva as he pulled the angvastram off. |
A cry resounded loudly through the silent room as Ayurvati staggered back. Her hand covered her mouth in shock while the palm leaves scattered on the floor. Her knees were too weak to hold her up. She collapsed with her back against the wall, never once taking her eyes off Shiva. Tears broke through her proud eyes. She kept repeating, 'Om Brahmaye namah. Om Brahmaye namah.' |
'What happened? Is it serious?' asked a worried Shiva. |
'You have come! My Lord, you have come!' |
Before a bewildered Shiva could react to her strange reaction, Nandi rushed in and noticed Ayurvati on the ground. Copious tears were flowing down her face. |
'What happened, my lady?' asked a startled Nandi. |
Ayurvati just pointed at Shiva's neck. Nandi looked up. The neck shone an eerie iridescent blue. With a cry that sounded like that of a long caged animal just released from captivity, Nandi collapsed on his knees. 'My Lord! You have come! The Neelkanth has come!' |
The Captain bent low and brought his head down to touch the Neelkanths feet reverentially. The object of his adoration however, stepped back, befuddled and perturbed. |
'What the hell is going on here?' Shiva asked agitatedly. |
Holding a hand .to his freezing neck, he turned around to the polished copper plate and stared in stunned astonishment at the reflection of his neel kanth; his blue throat. |
The Union cabinet has done well to approve a Bill that seeks to amend India's outmoded abortion law. On Tuesday, it gave its nod to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020. If it gets Parliament's sanction, this piece of legislation will amend the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971. Slated for introduction in Parliament's budget session, the Bill seeks to increase the upper gestation limit from 20 to 24 weeks for termination of pregnancy. Significantly, this provision applies to unmarried women and therefore, relaxes one of the regressive clauses of the 1971 Act - single women couldnt cite contraceptive failure as a reason for seeking abortion. It also has a provision to protect the privacy of the person seeking abortion. |
The MTP Act, 1971 was replete with unclear language, which resulted in doctors refusing to perform abortions even within the stipulated 20 week gestation limit. Women had to seek the approval of the judiciary, which, by most accounts, did not always come in time. "As a result", notes a 2015 study in the India Journal of Medical Ethics, "10 to 13 per cent of maternal deaths in India are due to unsafe abortions." Introducing the proposed law. Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting, (X) said that the MTP Bill 2020 "will help reduce maternal mortality". Extending the gestation period to 24 weeks is a significant step in this regard. However, the government should also learn from the experiences of the 1971 Act: The new piece of legislation should be worded in a manner that obviates frequent appeals to the judiciary. Such fine print would - more significantly - be essential to accomplishing one of the Bills main goals, as emphasised by Javadekar: "Giving reproductive rights to women." |
One of the criticisms of the MTP Act, 1971 was that it failed to keep pace with advances in medical technology that allow for the removal of a foetus at a relatively advanced state of pregnancy. Moreover, a number of foetus abnormalities are detected after the 20th week, often turning a wanted pregnancy into an unwanted one. The proposed MTP law intends to address such medical complications. But matters related to womens agency over her womb get complicated by the social milieu in parts of the country: The antediluvian preference for a male child keeps sex determination centres in business in spite of their illegal status. There are concerns that a more liberal abortion law can aggravate this state-of-affairs. The litmus test of the proposed MTP laws claims to being women-centric lies in addressing all such concerns. |
The Union cabinet has done well to approve a Bill that seeks to amend India's outmoded abortion law. On Tuesday, it gave its nod to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020. If it gets Parliament's sanction, this piece of legislation will amend the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971. Slated for introduction in Parliament's budget session, the Bill seeks to increase the upper gestation limit from 20 to 24 weeks for termination of pregnancy. Significantly, this provision applies to unmarried women and therefore, relaxes one of the regressive clauses of the 1971 Act - single women couldnt cite contraceptive failure as a reason for seeking abortion. It also has a provision to protect the privacy of the person seeking abortion. |
The MTP Act, 1971 was replete with unclear language, which resulted in doctors refusing to perform abortions even within the stipulated 20 week gestation limit. Women had to seek the approval of the judiciary, which, by most accounts, did not always come in time. "As a result", notes a 2015 study in the India Journal of Medical Ethics, "10 to 13 per cent of maternal deaths in India are due to unsafe abortions." Introducing the proposed law. Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting, (X) said that the MTP Bill 2020 "will help reduce maternal mortality". Extending the gestation period to 24 weeks is a significant step in this regard. However, the government should also learn from the experiences of the 1971 Act: The new piece of legislation should be worded in a manner that obviates frequent appeals to the judiciary. Such fine print would - more significantly - be essential to accomplishing one of the Bills main goals, as emphasised by Javadekar: "Giving reproductive rights to women." |
One of the criticisms of the MTP Act, 1971 was that it failed to keep pace with advances in medical technology that allow for the removal of a foetus at a relatively advanced state of pregnancy. Moreover, a number of foetus abnormalities are detected after the 20th week, often turning a wanted pregnancy into an unwanted one. The proposed MTP law intends to address such medical complications. But matters related to womens agency over her womb get complicated by the social milieu in parts of the country: The antediluvian preference for a male child keeps sex determination centres in business in spite of their illegal status. There are concerns that a more liberal abortion law can aggravate this state-of-affairs. The litmus test of the proposed MTP laws claims to being women-centric lies in addressing all such concerns. |
The Union cabinet has done well to approve a Bill that seeks to amend India's outmoded abortion law. On Tuesday, it gave its nod to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020. If it gets Parliament's sanction, this piece of legislation will amend the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971. Slated for introduction in Parliament's budget session, the Bill seeks to increase the upper gestation limit from 20 to 24 weeks for termination of pregnancy. Significantly, this provision applies to unmarried women and therefore, relaxes one of the regressive clauses of the 1971 Act - single women couldnt cite contraceptive failure as a reason for seeking abortion. It also has a provision to protect the privacy of the person seeking abortion. |
The MTP Act, 1971 was replete with unclear language, which resulted in doctors refusing to perform abortions even within the stipulated 20 week gestation limit. Women had to seek the approval of the judiciary, which, by most accounts, did not always come in time. "As a result", notes a 2015 study in the India Journal of Medical Ethics, "10 to 13 per cent of maternal deaths in India are due to unsafe abortions." Introducing the proposed law. Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting, (X) said that the MTP Bill 2020 "will help reduce maternal mortality". Extending the gestation period to 24 weeks is a significant step in this regard. However, the government should also learn from the experiences of the 1971 Act: The new piece of legislation should be worded in a manner that obviates frequent appeals to the judiciary. Such fine print would - more significantly - be essential to accomplishing one of the Bills main goals, as emphasised by Javadekar: "Giving reproductive rights to women." |
One of the criticisms of the MTP Act, 1971 was that it failed to keep pace with advances in medical technology that allow for the removal of a foetus at a relatively advanced state of pregnancy. Moreover, a number of foetus abnormalities are detected after the 20th week, often turning a wanted pregnancy into an unwanted one. The proposed MTP law intends to address such medical complications. But matters related to womens agency over her womb get complicated by the social milieu in parts of the country: The antediluvian preference for a male child keeps sex determination centres in business in spite of their illegal status. There are concerns that a more liberal abortion law can aggravate this state-of-affairs. The litmus test of the proposed MTP laws claims to being women-centric lies in addressing all such concerns. |
The Union cabinet has done well to approve a Bill that seeks to amend India's outmoded abortion law. On Tuesday, it gave its nod to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020. If it gets Parliament's sanction, this piece of legislation will amend the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971. Slated for introduction in Parliament's budget session, the Bill seeks to increase the upper gestation limit from 20 to 24 weeks for termination of pregnancy. Significantly, this provision applies to unmarried women and therefore, relaxes one of the regressive clauses of the 1971 Act - single women couldnt cite contraceptive failure as a reason for seeking abortion. It also has a provision to protect the privacy of the person seeking abortion. |
The MTP Act, 1971 was replete with unclear language, which resulted in doctors refusing to perform abortions even within the stipulated 20 week gestation limit. Women had to seek the approval of the judiciary, which, by most accounts, did not always come in time. "As a result", notes a 2015 study in the India Journal of Medical Ethics, "10 to 13 per cent of maternal deaths in India are due to unsafe abortions." Introducing the proposed law. Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting, (X) said that the MTP Bill 2020 "will help reduce maternal mortality". Extending the gestation period to 24 weeks is a significant step in this regard. However, the government should also learn from the experiences of the 1971 Act: The new piece of legislation should be worded in a manner that obviates frequent appeals to the judiciary. Such fine print would - more significantly - be essential to accomplishing one of the Bills main goals, as emphasised by Javadekar: "Giving reproductive rights to women." |
One of the criticisms of the MTP Act, 1971 was that it failed to keep pace with advances in medical technology that allow for the removal of a foetus at a relatively advanced state of pregnancy. Moreover, a number of foetus abnormalities are detected after the 20th week, often turning a wanted pregnancy into an unwanted one. The proposed MTP law intends to address such medical complications. But matters related to womens agency over her womb get complicated by the social milieu in parts of the country: The antediluvian preference for a male child keeps sex determination centres in business in spite of their illegal status. There are concerns that a more liberal abortion law can aggravate this state-of-affairs. The litmus test of the proposed MTP laws claims to being women-centric lies in addressing all such concerns. |
The Union cabinet has done well to approve a Bill that seeks to amend India's outmoded abortion law. On Tuesday, it gave its nod to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020. If it gets Parliament's sanction, this piece of legislation will amend the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971. Slated for introduction in Parliament's budget session, the Bill seeks to increase the upper gestation limit from 20 to 24 weeks for termination of pregnancy. Significantly, this provision applies to unmarried women and therefore, relaxes one of the regressive clauses of the 1971 Act - single women couldnt cite contraceptive failure as a reason for seeking abortion. It also has a provision to protect the privacy of the person seeking abortion. |
The MTP Act, 1971 was replete with unclear language, which resulted in doctors refusing to perform abortions even within the stipulated 20 week gestation limit. Women had to seek the approval of the judiciary, which, by most accounts, did not always come in time. "As a result", notes a 2015 study in the India Journal of Medical Ethics, "10 to 13 per cent of maternal deaths in India are due to unsafe abortions." Introducing the proposed law. Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting, (X) said that the MTP Bill 2020 "will help reduce maternal mortality". Extending the gestation period to 24 weeks is a significant step in this regard. However, the government should also learn from the experiences of the 1971 Act: The new piece of legislation should be worded in a manner that obviates frequent appeals to the judiciary. Such fine print would - more significantly - be essential to accomplishing one of the Bills main goals, as emphasised by Javadekar: "Giving reproductive rights to women." |
One of the criticisms of the MTP Act, 1971 was that it failed to keep pace with advances in medical technology that allow for the removal of a foetus at a relatively advanced state of pregnancy. Moreover, a number of foetus abnormalities are detected after the 20th week, often turning a wanted pregnancy into an unwanted one. The proposed MTP law intends to address such medical complications. But matters related to womens agency over her womb get complicated by the social milieu in parts of the country: The antediluvian preference for a male child keeps sex determination centres in business in spite of their illegal status. There are concerns that a more liberal abortion law can aggravate this state-of-affairs. The litmus test of the proposed MTP laws claims to being women-centric lies in addressing all such concerns. |
The bar for sedition is so low in India that even junior school students can attract the attentions of this colonial era law, which should have been struck off the statute books long ago. The Karnataka police have registered a case under sections 124A and 504 against Shaheen School in Bidar and its management, for enacting a play by Class 4 students against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA). The provisions penalise those who excite disaffection against the government and intentionally cause insult in order to provoke a breach of the peace. The children who took part in the play which, according to a social activist who filed the complaint which resulted in the case, excited disaffection and threatened the peace, would be nine years old, on average. These children, their families and their teachers are being probed by the police, who are disrupting their lives. |
The activist has alleged that the play showed the prime minister in a bad light. However, the video recording of the performance, on the basis of which the complaint was filed, suggests that the play only reflected contemporary reality - the protests which have erupted all over the country against the XYZ(NRC) and the CAA. Their purpose is not to show the government in a good light, but to oppose its policies, and the opposition has been routinely vocal, employing terms that the ruling party has reason to be sensitive about. Theatre holds up a mirror to society, and if the picture isn't pretty, the mirror is not at fault. Of course, the law is even-handed. Last month, the Shree Rama School, also in Karnataka, and its president, an RSS leader, were booked for staging a play in which the Babri Masjid demolition was re-enacted. This play, too, reflected reality. |
Laws are expected to be even-handed in application. But more importantly, they must fit into the democratic system of our nation. The law of sedition was a colonial instrument designed to shore up imperial power by keeping subjects in check. It has no relevance in an independent nation where the people are sovereign, and where the right to free speech includes the right to question or lampoon the political leadership, and even to show it in a bad light. And it is completely irrelevant in the case of children enacting a school play about current affairs, and receiving some political education in the process. |
The bar for sedition is so low in India that even junior school students can attract the attentions of this colonial era law, which should have been struck off the statute books long ago. The Karnataka police have registered a case under sections 124A and 504 against Shaheen School in Bidar and its management, for enacting a play by Class 4 students against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA). The provisions penalise those who excite disaffection against the government and intentionally cause insult in order to provoke a breach of the peace. The children who took part in the play which, according to a social activist who filed the complaint which resulted in the case, excited disaffection and threatened the peace, would be nine years old, on average. These children, their families and their teachers are being probed by the police, who are disrupting their lives. |
The activist has alleged that the play showed the prime minister in a bad light. However, the video recording of the performance, on the basis of which the complaint was filed, suggests that the play only reflected contemporary reality - the protests which have erupted all over the country against the XYZ(NRC) and the CAA. Their purpose is not to show the government in a good light, but to oppose its policies, and the opposition has been routinely vocal, employing terms that the ruling party has reason to be sensitive about. Theatre holds up a mirror to society, and if the picture isn't pretty, the mirror is not at fault. Of course, the law is even-handed. Last month, the Shree Rama School, also in Karnataka, and its president, an RSS leader, were booked for staging a play in which the Babri Masjid demolition was re-enacted. This play, too, reflected reality. |
Laws are expected to be even-handed in application. But more importantly, they must fit into the democratic system of our nation. The law of sedition was a colonial instrument designed to shore up imperial power by keeping subjects in check. It has no relevance in an independent nation where the people are sovereign, and where the right to free speech includes the right to question or lampoon the political leadership, and even to show it in a bad light. And it is completely irrelevant in the case of children enacting a school play about current affairs, and receiving some political education in the process. |
The bar for sedition is so low in India that even junior school students can attract the attentions of this colonial era law, which should have been struck off the statute books long ago. The Karnataka police have registered a case under sections 124A and 504 against Shaheen School in Bidar and its management, for enacting a play by Class 4 students against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA). The provisions penalise those who excite disaffection against the government and intentionally cause insult in order to provoke a breach of the peace. The children who took part in the play which, according to a social activist who filed the complaint which resulted in the case, excited disaffection and threatened the peace, would be nine years old, on average. These children, their families and their teachers are being probed by the police, who are disrupting their lives. |
The activist has alleged that the play showed the prime minister in a bad light. However, the video recording of the performance, on the basis of which the complaint was filed, suggests that the play only reflected contemporary reality - the protests which have erupted all over the country against the XYZ(NRC) and the CAA. Their purpose is not to show the government in a good light, but to oppose its policies, and the opposition has been routinely vocal, employing terms that the ruling party has reason to be sensitive about. Theatre holds up a mirror to society, and if the picture isn't pretty, the mirror is not at fault. Of course, the law is even-handed. Last month, the Shree Rama School, also in Karnataka, and its president, an RSS leader, were booked for staging a play in which the Babri Masjid demolition was re-enacted. This play, too, reflected reality. |
Laws are expected to be even-handed in application. But more importantly, they must fit into the democratic system of our nation. The law of sedition was a colonial instrument designed to shore up imperial power by keeping subjects in check. It has no relevance in an independent nation where the people are sovereign, and where the right to free speech includes the right to question or lampoon the political leadership, and even to show it in a bad light. And it is completely irrelevant in the case of children enacting a school play about current affairs, and receiving some political education in the process. |
The bar for sedition is so low in India that even junior school students can attract the attentions of this colonial era law, which should have been struck off the statute books long ago. The Karnataka police have registered a case under sections 124A and 504 against Shaheen School in Bidar and its management, for enacting a play by Class 4 students against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA). The provisions penalise those who excite disaffection against the government and intentionally cause insult in order to provoke a breach of the peace. The children who took part in the play which, according to a social activist who filed the complaint which resulted in the case, excited disaffection and threatened the peace, would be nine years old, on average. These children, their families and their teachers are being probed by the police, who are disrupting their lives. |
The activist has alleged that the play showed the prime minister in a bad light. However, the video recording of the performance, on the basis of which the complaint was filed, suggests that the play only reflected contemporary reality - the protests which have erupted all over the country against the XYZ(NRC) and the CAA. Their purpose is not to show the government in a good light, but to oppose its policies, and the opposition has been routinely vocal, employing terms that the ruling party has reason to be sensitive about. Theatre holds up a mirror to society, and if the picture isn't pretty, the mirror is not at fault. Of course, the law is even-handed. Last month, the Shree Rama School, also in Karnataka, and its president, an RSS leader, were booked for staging a play in which the Babri Masjid demolition was re-enacted. This play, too, reflected reality. |
Laws are expected to be even-handed in application. But more importantly, they must fit into the democratic system of our nation. The law of sedition was a colonial instrument designed to shore up imperial power by keeping subjects in check. It has no relevance in an independent nation where the people are sovereign, and where the right to free speech includes the right to question or lampoon the political leadership, and even to show it in a bad light. And it is completely irrelevant in the case of children enacting a school play about current affairs, and receiving some political education in the process. |
The bar for sedition is so low in India that even junior school students can attract the attentions of this colonial era law, which should have been struck off the statute books long ago. The Karnataka police have registered a case under sections 124A and 504 against Shaheen School in Bidar and its management, for enacting a play by Class 4 students against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA). The provisions penalise those who excite disaffection against the government and intentionally cause insult in order to provoke a breach of the peace. The children who took part in the play which, according to a social activist who filed the complaint which resulted in the case, excited disaffection and threatened the peace, would be nine years old, on average. These children, their families and their teachers are being probed by the police, who are disrupting their lives. |
The activist has alleged that the play showed the prime minister in a bad light. However, the video recording of the performance, on the basis of which the complaint was filed, suggests that the play only reflected contemporary reality - the protests which have erupted all over the country against the XYZ(NRC) and the CAA. Their purpose is not to show the government in a good light, but to oppose its policies, and the opposition has been routinely vocal, employing terms that the ruling party has reason to be sensitive about. Theatre holds up a mirror to society, and if the picture isn't pretty, the mirror is not at fault. Of course, the law is even-handed. Last month, the Shree Rama School, also in Karnataka, and its president, an RSS leader, were booked for staging a play in which the Babri Masjid demolition was re-enacted. This play, too, reflected reality. |
Laws are expected to be even-handed in application. But more importantly, they must fit into the democratic system of our nation. The law of sedition was a colonial instrument designed to shore up imperial power by keeping subjects in check. It has no relevance in an independent nation where the people are sovereign, and where the right to free speech includes the right to question or lampoon the political leadership, and even to show it in a bad light. And it is completely irrelevant in the case of children enacting a school play about current affairs, and receiving some political education in the process. |
Recently, the government had passed the Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Bill of 2019 to replace the controversial Indian Medical Council (IMC) with a National Medical Commission (NMC) to regulate medical education and practices in India. It repealed the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, which led to the formation of the MCI. |
As per the Bill, a national medical commission will be set up in place of MCI that will have responsibilities such as approving and assessing medical colleges, conducting common MBBS entrance and exit examinations and regulating medical course fees. |
The Bill aims to provide for a medical education system that improves access to quality and affordable medical education, ensures availability of adequate and high quality medical professionals in all parts of the country. |
The National Medical Commission Bill of 2019 proposes to have four autonomous boards to take care of its different functions: |
(a) Under-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at undergraduate level |
(b) Post-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at postgraduate level |
(c) Medical Assessment and Rating Board for inspections and rating of medical institutions and |
(d) Ethics and Medical Registration Board to regulate and promote professional conduct and medical ethics and also maintain national registers of licensed medical practitioners and Community Health Providers (CHPs). |
The CHPs are a new class of medical practitioners to be given licenses to practice modem medicine at mid-level to those connected with modem scientific medical profession, the criteria for which would be specified later. |
Their number would be one-third of the total number of licensed and registered medical practitioners. |
As for admissions and licensing, the Bill provides for a National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to all undergraduate and post-graduate 'super-speciality' medical education. |
It provides National Exit Test (NEXT) for granting 'license' to practice and admission to postgraduate 'broad-speciality courses'. |
So far, all admissions are through the NEET and no licensing is required for practice but a medical practitioner has to register with a state medical council for this. |
The Bill also proposes for the NMC to 'frame guidelines for determination of fee and other charges' for 50% of seats in private medical institutions and deemed to be universities. |
Currently, state governments determine fees for 85% of seats in such institutions and the rest are left for the management. |
Other powers of the NMC include permission to establish new medical colleges, start post-graduate courses, increase the number of seats, recognition of medical qualifications in and outside India etc. |
While the Medical Council of India (MCI) was an autonomous body with two-third of its members (160 plus) being directly elected by the medical fraternity, the new one would have 25 members with no directly elected member. |
Recently, the government had passed the Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Bill of 2019 to replace the controversial Indian Medical Council (IMC) with a National Medical Commission (NMC) to regulate medical education and practices in India. It repealed the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, which led to the formation of the MCI. |
As per the Bill, a national medical commission will be set up in place of MCI that will have responsibilities such as approving and assessing medical colleges, conducting common MBBS entrance and exit examinations and regulating medical course fees. |
The Bill aims to provide for a medical education system that improves access to quality and affordable medical education, ensures availability of adequate and high quality medical professionals in all parts of the country. |
The National Medical Commission Bill of 2019 proposes to have four autonomous boards to take care of its different functions: |
(a) Under-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at undergraduate level |
(b) Post-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at postgraduate level |
(c) Medical Assessment and Rating Board for inspections and rating of medical institutions and |
(d) Ethics and Medical Registration Board to regulate and promote professional conduct and medical ethics and also maintain national registers of licensed medical practitioners and Community Health Providers (CHPs). |
The CHPs are a new class of medical practitioners to be given licenses to practice modem medicine at mid-level to those connected with modem scientific medical profession, the criteria for which would be specified later. |
Their number would be one-third of the total number of licensed and registered medical practitioners. |
As for admissions and licensing, the Bill provides for a National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to all undergraduate and post-graduate 'super-speciality' medical education. |
It provides National Exit Test (NEXT) for granting 'license' to practice and admission to postgraduate 'broad-speciality courses'. |
So far, all admissions are through the NEET and no licensing is required for practice but a medical practitioner has to register with a state medical council for this. |
The Bill also proposes for the NMC to 'frame guidelines for determination of fee and other charges' for 50% of seats in private medical institutions and deemed to be universities. |
Currently, state governments determine fees for 85% of seats in such institutions and the rest are left for the management. |
Other powers of the NMC include permission to establish new medical colleges, start post-graduate courses, increase the number of seats, recognition of medical qualifications in and outside India etc. |
While the Medical Council of India (MCI) was an autonomous body with two-third of its members (160 plus) being directly elected by the medical fraternity, the new one would have 25 members with no directly elected member. |
Recently, the government had passed the Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Bill of 2019 to replace the controversial Indian Medical Council (IMC) with a National Medical Commission (NMC) to regulate medical education and practices in India. It repealed the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, which led to the formation of the MCI. |
As per the Bill, a national medical commission will be set up in place of MCI that will have responsibilities such as approving and assessing medical colleges, conducting common MBBS entrance and exit examinations and regulating medical course fees. |
The Bill aims to provide for a medical education system that improves access to quality and affordable medical education, ensures availability of adequate and high quality medical professionals in all parts of the country. |
The National Medical Commission Bill of 2019 proposes to have four autonomous boards to take care of its different functions: |
(a) Under-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at undergraduate level |
(b) Post-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at postgraduate level |
(c) Medical Assessment and Rating Board for inspections and rating of medical institutions and |
(d) Ethics and Medical Registration Board to regulate and promote professional conduct and medical ethics and also maintain national registers of licensed medical practitioners and Community Health Providers (CHPs). |
The CHPs are a new class of medical practitioners to be given licenses to practice modem medicine at mid-level to those connected with modem scientific medical profession, the criteria for which would be specified later. |
Their number would be one-third of the total number of licensed and registered medical practitioners. |
As for admissions and licensing, the Bill provides for a National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to all undergraduate and post-graduate 'super-speciality' medical education. |
It provides National Exit Test (NEXT) for granting 'license' to practice and admission to postgraduate 'broad-speciality courses'. |
So far, all admissions are through the NEET and no licensing is required for practice but a medical practitioner has to register with a state medical council for this. |
The Bill also proposes for the NMC to 'frame guidelines for determination of fee and other charges' for 50% of seats in private medical institutions and deemed to be universities. |
Currently, state governments determine fees for 85% of seats in such institutions and the rest are left for the management. |
Other powers of the NMC include permission to establish new medical colleges, start post-graduate courses, increase the number of seats, recognition of medical qualifications in and outside India etc. |
While the Medical Council of India (MCI) was an autonomous body with two-third of its members (160 plus) being directly elected by the medical fraternity, the new one would have 25 members with no directly elected member. |
Recently, the government had passed the Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Bill of 2019 to replace the controversial Indian Medical Council (IMC) with a National Medical Commission (NMC) to regulate medical education and practices in India. It repealed the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, which led to the formation of the MCI. |
As per the Bill, a national medical commission will be set up in place of MCI that will have responsibilities such as approving and assessing medical colleges, conducting common MBBS entrance and exit examinations and regulating medical course fees. |
The Bill aims to provide for a medical education system that improves access to quality and affordable medical education, ensures availability of adequate and high quality medical professionals in all parts of the country. |
The National Medical Commission Bill of 2019 proposes to have four autonomous boards to take care of its different functions: |
(a) Under-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at undergraduate level |
(b) Post-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at postgraduate level |
(c) Medical Assessment and Rating Board for inspections and rating of medical institutions and |
(d) Ethics and Medical Registration Board to regulate and promote professional conduct and medical ethics and also maintain national registers of licensed medical practitioners and Community Health Providers (CHPs). |
The CHPs are a new class of medical practitioners to be given licenses to practice modem medicine at mid-level to those connected with modem scientific medical profession, the criteria for which would be specified later. |
Their number would be one-third of the total number of licensed and registered medical practitioners. |
As for admissions and licensing, the Bill provides for a National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to all undergraduate and post-graduate 'super-speciality' medical education. |
It provides National Exit Test (NEXT) for granting 'license' to practice and admission to postgraduate 'broad-speciality courses'. |
So far, all admissions are through the NEET and no licensing is required for practice but a medical practitioner has to register with a state medical council for this. |
The Bill also proposes for the NMC to 'frame guidelines for determination of fee and other charges' for 50% of seats in private medical institutions and deemed to be universities. |
Currently, state governments determine fees for 85% of seats in such institutions and the rest are left for the management. |
Other powers of the NMC include permission to establish new medical colleges, start post-graduate courses, increase the number of seats, recognition of medical qualifications in and outside India etc. |
While the Medical Council of India (MCI) was an autonomous body with two-third of its members (160 plus) being directly elected by the medical fraternity, the new one would have 25 members with no directly elected member. |
Recently, the government had passed the Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Bill of 2019 to replace the controversial Indian Medical Council (IMC) with a National Medical Commission (NMC) to regulate medical education and practices in India. It repealed the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, which led to the formation of the MCI. |
As per the Bill, a national medical commission will be set up in place of MCI that will have responsibilities such as approving and assessing medical colleges, conducting common MBBS entrance and exit examinations and regulating medical course fees. |
The Bill aims to provide for a medical education system that improves access to quality and affordable medical education, ensures availability of adequate and high quality medical professionals in all parts of the country. |
The National Medical Commission Bill of 2019 proposes to have four autonomous boards to take care of its different functions: |
(a) Under-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at undergraduate level |
(b) Post-Graduate Medical Education Board to set standards and regulate medical education at postgraduate level |
(c) Medical Assessment and Rating Board for inspections and rating of medical institutions and |
(d) Ethics and Medical Registration Board to regulate and promote professional conduct and medical ethics and also maintain national registers of licensed medical practitioners and Community Health Providers (CHPs). |
The CHPs are a new class of medical practitioners to be given licenses to practice modem medicine at mid-level to those connected with modem scientific medical profession, the criteria for which would be specified later. |
Their number would be one-third of the total number of licensed and registered medical practitioners. |
As for admissions and licensing, the Bill provides for a National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to all undergraduate and post-graduate 'super-speciality' medical education. |
It provides National Exit Test (NEXT) for granting 'license' to practice and admission to postgraduate 'broad-speciality courses'. |
So far, all admissions are through the NEET and no licensing is required for practice but a medical practitioner has to register with a state medical council for this. |
The Bill also proposes for the NMC to 'frame guidelines for determination of fee and other charges' for 50% of seats in private medical institutions and deemed to be universities. |
Currently, state governments determine fees for 85% of seats in such institutions and the rest are left for the management. |
Other powers of the NMC include permission to establish new medical colleges, start post-graduate courses, increase the number of seats, recognition of medical qualifications in and outside India etc. |
While the Medical Council of India (MCI) was an autonomous body with two-third of its members (160 plus) being directly elected by the medical fraternity, the new one would have 25 members with no directly elected member. |
Tens of thousands of women get excluded from the farmer suicides data in the country just because they are never considered as farmers, senior journalist-cum-agriculture expert P Sainath said on Friday. |
Delivering his valedictorian address at the XVI National Conference of Indian Association for Womens Studies (LAWS) here, Sainath, 63, said climate change was going to affect women more as they are the providers of water, food, fodder and fuels. |
Statistics for female farmer suicides are complete rubbish as the discussion on women victims of agrarian crisis often becomes a discussion of their role as widows of male farmers, he said. |
"Those women are farmers themselves and even before the males committed suicides they were doing 60 per cent of the work on the farm. They are the lead farmers on that household. Maharashtra is full of this. |
"We correctly focus on the invisibility of women in the statistical systems, all that is true, but apart from invisibility there is something hiding in plain sight which is what happens with women farmers and women farmer's suicides," Sainath said. |
Taking a pot-shot at the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the journalist called it a paradise for women farmers as women farmers suicides was the only category in the country where many states show zero incidences every year. |
The NCRB is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code and special and local laws. |
"Punjab and Haryana are the seventh heaven. You don't have women farmer suicides because you dont recognise them as farmers. By the way, statistically, it is impossible that a state with lakhs of women farmers shows zero women farmer suicides. Where do they hide the corpses," Sainath quipped. |
He asserted that women farmers coming from the landed families often end up in the catch-all-categories column of 'housewives'. |
"Many girls and women have been pushed into the column of housewives. That is the easiest category to throw a woman in data collection. It is not only a problem of how we categorise work but also the victims have accepted it. In Tamil Nadu, you ask a woman who works 16 hours a day 'what do you do' and she says 'I sit at home'. That perception has taken the grip of the victims' mind also that what we do is not work. Whereas, the landless farmers, I guess, are going into 'others'," he said. |
Sainath said though he uses the NCRB data, it has become "unusable" in the last three years. Post 2014, the sins of omission have been joined by the sins of commission, he added. |
"It's not Just prejudices at the time of data collection, there are huge imposed frauds in the methodology from Delhi. The NCRB data was the best we had on farmers suicides. The prejudices that came into the data were societal and not the basis of the NCRB. That was the prejudice of the constable at the village level. There are eight exclusions from-the data but the three largest are - women farmers, Dalit farmers and Adivasi farmers. |
"Adivasis are called encroachers on forest land. The concept of patta (legal document issued by the government in the name of the actual owner of a particular plot of land) simply doesn't arise. With Dalit farmers, you have an amazing system for more than 30-40 years. Large groups of farmers who have land but no patta and large groups of Dalit farmers who have pattas but no land. Bihar is full of that," Sainath said. |
Women cut across all three categories. They are the "single largest exclusion" in the farmer suicides data, he added. |
"The police don't read the Census manual. They follow the DSP's oral instruction. That's how tens of thousands of women get excluded simply because they are never going to be called farmers," Sainath said. |
He said there is a "simple good old male reason" why three-four states see a rise in the number of women cultivators. |
"It's astonishing. Many states have the provision but 3-4 states in 2005-10, including Maharashtra, launched a drive to get women's names put on the patta. So they incentivised this by offering one-third discount if a woman's name is put on the patta. Overnight, lakhs of men put names of women of their households on pattas and made them landowners but these women did not even know about it," Sainath added. |
Unless the whole idea of unpaid work is challenged, these troubles are going to continue, the founder editor of the Peopl'es Archive of Rural India (PARI) said. |
According to Oxfam's annual inequality report, women and girls across the world each and every day of every single year produce 12.5 billion hours of unpaid work. |
"It is USD 10.8 trillion annually - that is five times India's GDP. It's more than three times the size of the global tech industry which includes Microsoft, Apple, Amazon and the works. Figures quoted by the UNDP and the IPCC suggest that 80 per cent of people displaced by the climate crisis are women. They are all the more vulnerable due to non-climatic factors. The UNDP also said that 70 per cent of the people worst affected by the 2004 Tsunami were women and children," Sainath said. |
He added that in its research, PARI found many women-led occupations that are devastated by global warming. |
"In coastal areas you have women seaweed harvesters. These women are telling you in simpler words what scientists tell you in 800 pages that the seas are getting rougher, warmer and the levels are rising. |
Their job is getting tougher," the veteran journalist said. |
Climate crisis and global warming need to be taken "very seriously", he added. |
"These stories need to be told from the lived experience of ordinary people, using scientists and experts to back them up and articulate what they are saying in a better manner. The average rural Indian has a much better appreciation of the different meanings of temperature, weather and climate than we do. They understand that these are different categories, we use them interchangeably," Sainath said. |
Tens of thousands of women get excluded from the farmer suicides data in the country just because they are never considered as farmers, senior journalist-cum-agriculture expert P Sainath said on Friday. |
Delivering his valedictorian address at the XVI National Conference of Indian Association for Womens Studies (LAWS) here, Sainath, 63, said climate change was going to affect women more as they are the providers of water, food, fodder and fuels. |
Statistics for female farmer suicides are complete rubbish as the discussion on women victims of agrarian crisis often becomes a discussion of their role as widows of male farmers, he said. |
"Those women are farmers themselves and even before the males committed suicides they were doing 60 per cent of the work on the farm. They are the lead farmers on that household. Maharashtra is full of this. |
"We correctly focus on the invisibility of women in the statistical systems, all that is true, but apart from invisibility there is something hiding in plain sight which is what happens with women farmers and women farmer's suicides," Sainath said. |
Taking a pot-shot at the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the journalist called it a paradise for women farmers as women farmers suicides was the only category in the country where many states show zero incidences every year. |
The NCRB is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code and special and local laws. |
"Punjab and Haryana are the seventh heaven. You don't have women farmer suicides because you dont recognise them as farmers. By the way, statistically, it is impossible that a state with lakhs of women farmers shows zero women farmer suicides. Where do they hide the corpses," Sainath quipped. |
He asserted that women farmers coming from the landed families often end up in the catch-all-categories column of 'housewives'. |
"Many girls and women have been pushed into the column of housewives. That is the easiest category to throw a woman in data collection. It is not only a problem of how we categorise work but also the victims have accepted it. In Tamil Nadu, you ask a woman who works 16 hours a day 'what do you do' and she says 'I sit at home'. That perception has taken the grip of the victims' mind also that what we do is not work. Whereas, the landless farmers, I guess, are going into 'others'," he said. |
Sainath said though he uses the NCRB data, it has become "unusable" in the last three years. Post 2014, the sins of omission have been joined by the sins of commission, he added. |
"It's not Just prejudices at the time of data collection, there are huge imposed frauds in the methodology from Delhi. The NCRB data was the best we had on farmers suicides. The prejudices that came into the data were societal and not the basis of the NCRB. That was the prejudice of the constable at the village level. There are eight exclusions from-the data but the three largest are - women farmers, Dalit farmers and Adivasi farmers. |
"Adivasis are called encroachers on forest land. The concept of patta (legal document issued by the government in the name of the actual owner of a particular plot of land) simply doesn't arise. With Dalit farmers, you have an amazing system for more than 30-40 years. Large groups of farmers who have land but no patta and large groups of Dalit farmers who have pattas but no land. Bihar is full of that," Sainath said. |
Women cut across all three categories. They are the "single largest exclusion" in the farmer suicides data, he added. |
"The police don't read the Census manual. They follow the DSP's oral instruction. That's how tens of thousands of women get excluded simply because they are never going to be called farmers," Sainath said. |
He said there is a "simple good old male reason" why three-four states see a rise in the number of women cultivators. |
"It's astonishing. Many states have the provision but 3-4 states in 2005-10, including Maharashtra, launched a drive to get women's names put on the patta. So they incentivised this by offering one-third discount if a woman's name is put on the patta. Overnight, lakhs of men put names of women of their households on pattas and made them landowners but these women did not even know about it," Sainath added. |
Unless the whole idea of unpaid work is challenged, these troubles are going to continue, the founder editor of the Peopl'es Archive of Rural India (PARI) said. |
According to Oxfam's annual inequality report, women and girls across the world each and every day of every single year produce 12.5 billion hours of unpaid work. |
"It is USD 10.8 trillion annually - that is five times India's GDP. It's more than three times the size of the global tech industry which includes Microsoft, Apple, Amazon and the works. Figures quoted by the UNDP and the IPCC suggest that 80 per cent of people displaced by the climate crisis are women. They are all the more vulnerable due to non-climatic factors. The UNDP also said that 70 per cent of the people worst affected by the 2004 Tsunami were women and children," Sainath said. |
He added that in its research, PARI found many women-led occupations that are devastated by global warming. |
"In coastal areas you have women seaweed harvesters. These women are telling you in simpler words what scientists tell you in 800 pages that the seas are getting rougher, warmer and the levels are rising. |
Their job is getting tougher," the veteran journalist said. |
Climate crisis and global warming need to be taken "very seriously", he added. |
"These stories need to be told from the lived experience of ordinary people, using scientists and experts to back them up and articulate what they are saying in a better manner. The average rural Indian has a much better appreciation of the different meanings of temperature, weather and climate than we do. They understand that these are different categories, we use them interchangeably," Sainath said. |
Tens of thousands of women get excluded from the farmer suicides data in the country just because they are never considered as farmers, senior journalist-cum-agriculture expert P Sainath said on Friday. |
Delivering his valedictorian address at the XVI National Conference of Indian Association for Womens Studies (LAWS) here, Sainath, 63, said climate change was going to affect women more as they are the providers of water, food, fodder and fuels. |
Statistics for female farmer suicides are complete rubbish as the discussion on women victims of agrarian crisis often becomes a discussion of their role as widows of male farmers, he said. |
"Those women are farmers themselves and even before the males committed suicides they were doing 60 per cent of the work on the farm. They are the lead farmers on that household. Maharashtra is full of this. |
"We correctly focus on the invisibility of women in the statistical systems, all that is true, but apart from invisibility there is something hiding in plain sight which is what happens with women farmers and women farmer's suicides," Sainath said. |
Taking a pot-shot at the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the journalist called it a paradise for women farmers as women farmers suicides was the only category in the country where many states show zero incidences every year. |
The NCRB is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code and special and local laws. |
"Punjab and Haryana are the seventh heaven. You don't have women farmer suicides because you dont recognise them as farmers. By the way, statistically, it is impossible that a state with lakhs of women farmers shows zero women farmer suicides. Where do they hide the corpses," Sainath quipped. |
He asserted that women farmers coming from the landed families often end up in the catch-all-categories column of 'housewives'. |
"Many girls and women have been pushed into the column of housewives. That is the easiest category to throw a woman in data collection. It is not only a problem of how we categorise work but also the victims have accepted it. In Tamil Nadu, you ask a woman who works 16 hours a day 'what do you do' and she says 'I sit at home'. That perception has taken the grip of the victims' mind also that what we do is not work. Whereas, the landless farmers, I guess, are going into 'others'," he said. |
Sainath said though he uses the NCRB data, it has become "unusable" in the last three years. Post 2014, the sins of omission have been joined by the sins of commission, he added. |
"It's not Just prejudices at the time of data collection, there are huge imposed frauds in the methodology from Delhi. The NCRB data was the best we had on farmers suicides. The prejudices that came into the data were societal and not the basis of the NCRB. That was the prejudice of the constable at the village level. There are eight exclusions from-the data but the three largest are - women farmers, Dalit farmers and Adivasi farmers. |
"Adivasis are called encroachers on forest land. The concept of patta (legal document issued by the government in the name of the actual owner of a particular plot of land) simply doesn't arise. With Dalit farmers, you have an amazing system for more than 30-40 years. Large groups of farmers who have land but no patta and large groups of Dalit farmers who have pattas but no land. Bihar is full of that," Sainath said. |
Women cut across all three categories. They are the "single largest exclusion" in the farmer suicides data, he added. |
"The police don't read the Census manual. They follow the DSP's oral instruction. That's how tens of thousands of women get excluded simply because they are never going to be called farmers," Sainath said. |
He said there is a "simple good old male reason" why three-four states see a rise in the number of women cultivators. |
"It's astonishing. Many states have the provision but 3-4 states in 2005-10, including Maharashtra, launched a drive to get women's names put on the patta. So they incentivised this by offering one-third discount if a woman's name is put on the patta. Overnight, lakhs of men put names of women of their households on pattas and made them landowners but these women did not even know about it," Sainath added. |
Unless the whole idea of unpaid work is challenged, these troubles are going to continue, the founder editor of the Peopl'es Archive of Rural India (PARI) said. |
According to Oxfam's annual inequality report, women and girls across the world each and every day of every single year produce 12.5 billion hours of unpaid work. |
"It is USD 10.8 trillion annually - that is five times India's GDP. It's more than three times the size of the global tech industry which includes Microsoft, Apple, Amazon and the works. Figures quoted by the UNDP and the IPCC suggest that 80 per cent of people displaced by the climate crisis are women. They are all the more vulnerable due to non-climatic factors. The UNDP also said that 70 per cent of the people worst affected by the 2004 Tsunami were women and children," Sainath said. |
He added that in its research, PARI found many women-led occupations that are devastated by global warming. |
"In coastal areas you have women seaweed harvesters. These women are telling you in simpler words what scientists tell you in 800 pages that the seas are getting rougher, warmer and the levels are rising. |
Their job is getting tougher," the veteran journalist said. |
Climate crisis and global warming need to be taken "very seriously", he added. |
"These stories need to be told from the lived experience of ordinary people, using scientists and experts to back them up and articulate what they are saying in a better manner. The average rural Indian has a much better appreciation of the different meanings of temperature, weather and climate than we do. They understand that these are different categories, we use them interchangeably," Sainath said. |
Tens of thousands of women get excluded from the farmer suicides data in the country just because they are never considered as farmers, senior journalist-cum-agriculture expert P Sainath said on Friday. |
Delivering his valedictorian address at the XVI National Conference of Indian Association for Womens Studies (LAWS) here, Sainath, 63, said climate change was going to affect women more as they are the providers of water, food, fodder and fuels. |
Statistics for female farmer suicides are complete rubbish as the discussion on women victims of agrarian crisis often becomes a discussion of their role as widows of male farmers, he said. |
"Those women are farmers themselves and even before the males committed suicides they were doing 60 per cent of the work on the farm. They are the lead farmers on that household. Maharashtra is full of this. |
"We correctly focus on the invisibility of women in the statistical systems, all that is true, but apart from invisibility there is something hiding in plain sight which is what happens with women farmers and women farmer's suicides," Sainath said. |
Taking a pot-shot at the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the journalist called it a paradise for women farmers as women farmers suicides was the only category in the country where many states show zero incidences every year. |
The NCRB is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code and special and local laws. |
"Punjab and Haryana are the seventh heaven. You don't have women farmer suicides because you dont recognise them as farmers. By the way, statistically, it is impossible that a state with lakhs of women farmers shows zero women farmer suicides. Where do they hide the corpses," Sainath quipped. |
He asserted that women farmers coming from the landed families often end up in the catch-all-categories column of 'housewives'. |
"Many girls and women have been pushed into the column of housewives. That is the easiest category to throw a woman in data collection. It is not only a problem of how we categorise work but also the victims have accepted it. In Tamil Nadu, you ask a woman who works 16 hours a day 'what do you do' and she says 'I sit at home'. That perception has taken the grip of the victims' mind also that what we do is not work. Whereas, the landless farmers, I guess, are going into 'others'," he said. |
Sainath said though he uses the NCRB data, it has become "unusable" in the last three years. Post 2014, the sins of omission have been joined by the sins of commission, he added. |
"It's not Just prejudices at the time of data collection, there are huge imposed frauds in the methodology from Delhi. The NCRB data was the best we had on farmers suicides. The prejudices that came into the data were societal and not the basis of the NCRB. That was the prejudice of the constable at the village level. There are eight exclusions from-the data but the three largest are - women farmers, Dalit farmers and Adivasi farmers. |
"Adivasis are called encroachers on forest land. The concept of patta (legal document issued by the government in the name of the actual owner of a particular plot of land) simply doesn't arise. With Dalit farmers, you have an amazing system for more than 30-40 years. Large groups of farmers who have land but no patta and large groups of Dalit farmers who have pattas but no land. Bihar is full of that," Sainath said. |
Women cut across all three categories. They are the "single largest exclusion" in the farmer suicides data, he added. |
"The police don't read the Census manual. They follow the DSP's oral instruction. That's how tens of thousands of women get excluded simply because they are never going to be called farmers," Sainath said. |
He said there is a "simple good old male reason" why three-four states see a rise in the number of women cultivators. |
"It's astonishing. Many states have the provision but 3-4 states in 2005-10, including Maharashtra, launched a drive to get women's names put on the patta. So they incentivised this by offering one-third discount if a woman's name is put on the patta. Overnight, lakhs of men put names of women of their households on pattas and made them landowners but these women did not even know about it," Sainath added. |
Unless the whole idea of unpaid work is challenged, these troubles are going to continue, the founder editor of the Peopl'es Archive of Rural India (PARI) said. |
According to Oxfam's annual inequality report, women and girls across the world each and every day of every single year produce 12.5 billion hours of unpaid work. |
"It is USD 10.8 trillion annually - that is five times India's GDP. It's more than three times the size of the global tech industry which includes Microsoft, Apple, Amazon and the works. Figures quoted by the UNDP and the IPCC suggest that 80 per cent of people displaced by the climate crisis are women. They are all the more vulnerable due to non-climatic factors. The UNDP also said that 70 per cent of the people worst affected by the 2004 Tsunami were women and children," Sainath said. |
He added that in its research, PARI found many women-led occupations that are devastated by global warming. |
"In coastal areas you have women seaweed harvesters. These women are telling you in simpler words what scientists tell you in 800 pages that the seas are getting rougher, warmer and the levels are rising. |
Their job is getting tougher," the veteran journalist said. |
Climate crisis and global warming need to be taken "very seriously", he added. |
"These stories need to be told from the lived experience of ordinary people, using scientists and experts to back them up and articulate what they are saying in a better manner. The average rural Indian has a much better appreciation of the different meanings of temperature, weather and climate than we do. They understand that these are different categories, we use them interchangeably," Sainath said. |
Tens of thousands of women get excluded from the farmer suicides data in the country just because they are never considered as farmers, senior journalist-cum-agriculture expert P Sainath said on Friday. |
Delivering his valedictorian address at the XVI National Conference of Indian Association for Womens Studies (LAWS) here, Sainath, 63, said climate change was going to affect women more as they are the providers of water, food, fodder and fuels. |
Statistics for female farmer suicides are complete rubbish as the discussion on women victims of agrarian crisis often becomes a discussion of their role as widows of male farmers, he said. |
"Those women are farmers themselves and even before the males committed suicides they were doing 60 per cent of the work on the farm. They are the lead farmers on that household. Maharashtra is full of this. |
"We correctly focus on the invisibility of women in the statistical systems, all that is true, but apart from invisibility there is something hiding in plain sight which is what happens with women farmers and women farmer's suicides," Sainath said. |
Taking a pot-shot at the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the journalist called it a paradise for women farmers as women farmers suicides was the only category in the country where many states show zero incidences every year. |
The NCRB is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code and special and local laws. |
"Punjab and Haryana are the seventh heaven. You don't have women farmer suicides because you dont recognise them as farmers. By the way, statistically, it is impossible that a state with lakhs of women farmers shows zero women farmer suicides. Where do they hide the corpses," Sainath quipped. |
He asserted that women farmers coming from the landed families often end up in the catch-all-categories column of 'housewives'. |
"Many girls and women have been pushed into the column of housewives. That is the easiest category to throw a woman in data collection. It is not only a problem of how we categorise work but also the victims have accepted it. In Tamil Nadu, you ask a woman who works 16 hours a day 'what do you do' and she says 'I sit at home'. That perception has taken the grip of the victims' mind also that what we do is not work. Whereas, the landless farmers, I guess, are going into 'others'," he said. |
Sainath said though he uses the NCRB data, it has become "unusable" in the last three years. Post 2014, the sins of omission have been joined by the sins of commission, he added. |
"It's not Just prejudices at the time of data collection, there are huge imposed frauds in the methodology from Delhi. The NCRB data was the best we had on farmers suicides. The prejudices that came into the data were societal and not the basis of the NCRB. That was the prejudice of the constable at the village level. There are eight exclusions from-the data but the three largest are - women farmers, Dalit farmers and Adivasi farmers. |
"Adivasis are called encroachers on forest land. The concept of patta (legal document issued by the government in the name of the actual owner of a particular plot of land) simply doesn't arise. With Dalit farmers, you have an amazing system for more than 30-40 years. Large groups of farmers who have land but no patta and large groups of Dalit farmers who have pattas but no land. Bihar is full of that," Sainath said. |
Women cut across all three categories. They are the "single largest exclusion" in the farmer suicides data, he added. |
"The police don't read the Census manual. They follow the DSP's oral instruction. That's how tens of thousands of women get excluded simply because they are never going to be called farmers," Sainath said. |
He said there is a "simple good old male reason" why three-four states see a rise in the number of women cultivators. |
"It's astonishing. Many states have the provision but 3-4 states in 2005-10, including Maharashtra, launched a drive to get women's names put on the patta. So they incentivised this by offering one-third discount if a woman's name is put on the patta. Overnight, lakhs of men put names of women of their households on pattas and made them landowners but these women did not even know about it," Sainath added. |
Unless the whole idea of unpaid work is challenged, these troubles are going to continue, the founder editor of the Peopl'es Archive of Rural India (PARI) said. |
According to Oxfam's annual inequality report, women and girls across the world each and every day of every single year produce 12.5 billion hours of unpaid work. |
"It is USD 10.8 trillion annually - that is five times India's GDP. It's more than three times the size of the global tech industry which includes Microsoft, Apple, Amazon and the works. Figures quoted by the UNDP and the IPCC suggest that 80 per cent of people displaced by the climate crisis are women. They are all the more vulnerable due to non-climatic factors. The UNDP also said that 70 per cent of the people worst affected by the 2004 Tsunami were women and children," Sainath said. |
He added that in its research, PARI found many women-led occupations that are devastated by global warming. |
"In coastal areas you have women seaweed harvesters. These women are telling you in simpler words what scientists tell you in 800 pages that the seas are getting rougher, warmer and the levels are rising. |
Their job is getting tougher," the veteran journalist said. |
Climate crisis and global warming need to be taken "very seriously", he added. |
"These stories need to be told from the lived experience of ordinary people, using scientists and experts to back them up and articulate what they are saying in a better manner. The average rural Indian has a much better appreciation of the different meanings of temperature, weather and climate than we do. They understand that these are different categories, we use them interchangeably," Sainath said. |
X's previous Budget was criticised for being overly optimistic in its revenue projections. Those concerns have now been validated with the Centre's gross tax collections falling short of the budgeted target by Rs 3 lakh crore in 2019-20. This time around, the Centre has scaled down its revenue projections for 2020-21 However, given the sharp drop in tax buoyancy this fiscal year, and continuing uncertainty over the state of the economy, the revenue projections for the upcoming year do seem aggressive. The risks stem from the possibility of direct taxes and GST collections falling short and the ambitious disinvestment and non-tax revenue targets. |
The Union Budget for 2020-21 has assumed gross tax revenue growth at 12 per cent. To achieve this, it has pegged direct taxes to grow at 12.7 per cent. This is far too optimistic. Direct taxes are likely to grow by only 2.9 per cent this fiscal as corporate tax collections have fallen by almost Rs 1.5 lakh crore due to cuts in the tax rate, and sluggish economic activity. The Budget expects income tax collections to grow at 14 per cent next fiscal. But given the rejig in income tax rates - the FM has pegged revenue forgone at Rs 40,000 crore even though there is uncertainty over how many filers will opt for the new regime - it implies a huge buoyancy. Moreover, if income tax collections this year ends up being even lower than what the revised estimates suggest, collections for next year will need to be adjusted downwards. On the indirect tax side, the revenue boost from GST has not materialised - indirect tax collections have actually dipped from 5 per cent of GDP in 2018-19 to 4.9 per cent in 2019-20 and are expected to remain at this level. The Centre now expects monthly GST collections to grow by 17 per cent. Considering the slowdown in consumption, it is debatable whether this is achievable. With the uncertainty surrounding tax revenues, the Centre has taken recourse to relying heavily on non-tax revenues and disinvestment proceeds. It has pegged collections from the telecom sector at Rs 1.33 lakh crore, suggesting that it does not expect to give telcos any leeway on the adjusted gross revenue issue. And even though the disinvestment target for this year is unlikely to be met, it has raised the target for next year to Rs 2.1 lakh crore. While the Centre is likely to be banking on divesting its stakes in the LIC, Air India and BPCL, this pipeline makes for a challenging disinvestment calendar. |
The underlying assumption in the Budget's numbers appears to be based on the government's views that the economy has bottomed out and is now likely to pick up, although gradually. Yet this is the third consecutive year when fiscal deficit has breached its target, indicating deteriorating fiscal marksmanship. |
X's previous Budget was criticised for being overly optimistic in its revenue projections. Those concerns have now been validated with the Centre's gross tax collections falling short of the budgeted target by Rs 3 lakh crore in 2019-20. This time around, the Centre has scaled down its revenue projections for 2020-21 However, given the sharp drop in tax buoyancy this fiscal year, and continuing uncertainty over the state of the economy, the revenue projections for the upcoming year do seem aggressive. The risks stem from the possibility of direct taxes and GST collections falling short and the ambitious disinvestment and non-tax revenue targets. |
The Union Budget for 2020-21 has assumed gross tax revenue growth at 12 per cent. To achieve this, it has pegged direct taxes to grow at 12.7 per cent. This is far too optimistic. Direct taxes are likely to grow by only 2.9 per cent this fiscal as corporate tax collections have fallen by almost Rs 1.5 lakh crore due to cuts in the tax rate, and sluggish economic activity. The Budget expects income tax collections to grow at 14 per cent next fiscal. But given the rejig in income tax rates - the FM has pegged revenue forgone at Rs 40,000 crore even though there is uncertainty over how many filers will opt for the new regime - it implies a huge buoyancy. Moreover, if income tax collections this year ends up being even lower than what the revised estimates suggest, collections for next year will need to be adjusted downwards. On the indirect tax side, the revenue boost from GST has not materialised - indirect tax collections have actually dipped from 5 per cent of GDP in 2018-19 to 4.9 per cent in 2019-20 and are expected to remain at this level. The Centre now expects monthly GST collections to grow by 17 per cent. Considering the slowdown in consumption, it is debatable whether this is achievable. With the uncertainty surrounding tax revenues, the Centre has taken recourse to relying heavily on non-tax revenues and disinvestment proceeds. It has pegged collections from the telecom sector at Rs 1.33 lakh crore, suggesting that it does not expect to give telcos any leeway on the adjusted gross revenue issue. And even though the disinvestment target for this year is unlikely to be met, it has raised the target for next year to Rs 2.1 lakh crore. While the Centre is likely to be banking on divesting its stakes in the LIC, Air India and BPCL, this pipeline makes for a challenging disinvestment calendar. |
The underlying assumption in the Budget's numbers appears to be based on the government's views that the economy has bottomed out and is now likely to pick up, although gradually. Yet this is the third consecutive year when fiscal deficit has breached its target, indicating deteriorating fiscal marksmanship. |
X's previous Budget was criticised for being overly optimistic in its revenue projections. Those concerns have now been validated with the Centre's gross tax collections falling short of the budgeted target by Rs 3 lakh crore in 2019-20. This time around, the Centre has scaled down its revenue projections for 2020-21 However, given the sharp drop in tax buoyancy this fiscal year, and continuing uncertainty over the state of the economy, the revenue projections for the upcoming year do seem aggressive. The risks stem from the possibility of direct taxes and GST collections falling short and the ambitious disinvestment and non-tax revenue targets. |
The Union Budget for 2020-21 has assumed gross tax revenue growth at 12 per cent. To achieve this, it has pegged direct taxes to grow at 12.7 per cent. This is far too optimistic. Direct taxes are likely to grow by only 2.9 per cent this fiscal as corporate tax collections have fallen by almost Rs 1.5 lakh crore due to cuts in the tax rate, and sluggish economic activity. The Budget expects income tax collections to grow at 14 per cent next fiscal. But given the rejig in income tax rates - the FM has pegged revenue forgone at Rs 40,000 crore even though there is uncertainty over how many filers will opt for the new regime - it implies a huge buoyancy. Moreover, if income tax collections this year ends up being even lower than what the revised estimates suggest, collections for next year will need to be adjusted downwards. On the indirect tax side, the revenue boost from GST has not materialised - indirect tax collections have actually dipped from 5 per cent of GDP in 2018-19 to 4.9 per cent in 2019-20 and are expected to remain at this level. The Centre now expects monthly GST collections to grow by 17 per cent. Considering the slowdown in consumption, it is debatable whether this is achievable. With the uncertainty surrounding tax revenues, the Centre has taken recourse to relying heavily on non-tax revenues and disinvestment proceeds. It has pegged collections from the telecom sector at Rs 1.33 lakh crore, suggesting that it does not expect to give telcos any leeway on the adjusted gross revenue issue. And even though the disinvestment target for this year is unlikely to be met, it has raised the target for next year to Rs 2.1 lakh crore. While the Centre is likely to be banking on divesting its stakes in the LIC, Air India and BPCL, this pipeline makes for a challenging disinvestment calendar. |
The underlying assumption in the Budget's numbers appears to be based on the government's views that the economy has bottomed out and is now likely to pick up, although gradually. Yet this is the third consecutive year when fiscal deficit has breached its target, indicating deteriorating fiscal marksmanship. |
X's previous Budget was criticised for being overly optimistic in its revenue projections. Those concerns have now been validated with the Centre's gross tax collections falling short of the budgeted target by Rs 3 lakh crore in 2019-20. This time around, the Centre has scaled down its revenue projections for 2020-21 However, given the sharp drop in tax buoyancy this fiscal year, and continuing uncertainty over the state of the economy, the revenue projections for the upcoming year do seem aggressive. The risks stem from the possibility of direct taxes and GST collections falling short and the ambitious disinvestment and non-tax revenue targets. |
The Union Budget for 2020-21 has assumed gross tax revenue growth at 12 per cent. To achieve this, it has pegged direct taxes to grow at 12.7 per cent. This is far too optimistic. Direct taxes are likely to grow by only 2.9 per cent this fiscal as corporate tax collections have fallen by almost Rs 1.5 lakh crore due to cuts in the tax rate, and sluggish economic activity. The Budget expects income tax collections to grow at 14 per cent next fiscal. But given the rejig in income tax rates - the FM has pegged revenue forgone at Rs 40,000 crore even though there is uncertainty over how many filers will opt for the new regime - it implies a huge buoyancy. Moreover, if income tax collections this year ends up being even lower than what the revised estimates suggest, collections for next year will need to be adjusted downwards. On the indirect tax side, the revenue boost from GST has not materialised - indirect tax collections have actually dipped from 5 per cent of GDP in 2018-19 to 4.9 per cent in 2019-20 and are expected to remain at this level. The Centre now expects monthly GST collections to grow by 17 per cent. Considering the slowdown in consumption, it is debatable whether this is achievable. With the uncertainty surrounding tax revenues, the Centre has taken recourse to relying heavily on non-tax revenues and disinvestment proceeds. It has pegged collections from the telecom sector at Rs 1.33 lakh crore, suggesting that it does not expect to give telcos any leeway on the adjusted gross revenue issue. And even though the disinvestment target for this year is unlikely to be met, it has raised the target for next year to Rs 2.1 lakh crore. While the Centre is likely to be banking on divesting its stakes in the LIC, Air India and BPCL, this pipeline makes for a challenging disinvestment calendar. |
The underlying assumption in the Budget's numbers appears to be based on the government's views that the economy has bottomed out and is now likely to pick up, although gradually. Yet this is the third consecutive year when fiscal deficit has breached its target, indicating deteriorating fiscal marksmanship. |
X's previous Budget was criticised for being overly optimistic in its revenue projections. Those concerns have now been validated with the Centre's gross tax collections falling short of the budgeted target by Rs 3 lakh crore in 2019-20. This time around, the Centre has scaled down its revenue projections for 2020-21 However, given the sharp drop in tax buoyancy this fiscal year, and continuing uncertainty over the state of the economy, the revenue projections for the upcoming year do seem aggressive. The risks stem from the possibility of direct taxes and GST collections falling short and the ambitious disinvestment and non-tax revenue targets. |
The Union Budget for 2020-21 has assumed gross tax revenue growth at 12 per cent. To achieve this, it has pegged direct taxes to grow at 12.7 per cent. This is far too optimistic. Direct taxes are likely to grow by only 2.9 per cent this fiscal as corporate tax collections have fallen by almost Rs 1.5 lakh crore due to cuts in the tax rate, and sluggish economic activity. The Budget expects income tax collections to grow at 14 per cent next fiscal. But given the rejig in income tax rates - the FM has pegged revenue forgone at Rs 40,000 crore even though there is uncertainty over how many filers will opt for the new regime - it implies a huge buoyancy. Moreover, if income tax collections this year ends up being even lower than what the revised estimates suggest, collections for next year will need to be adjusted downwards. On the indirect tax side, the revenue boost from GST has not materialised - indirect tax collections have actually dipped from 5 per cent of GDP in 2018-19 to 4.9 per cent in 2019-20 and are expected to remain at this level. The Centre now expects monthly GST collections to grow by 17 per cent. Considering the slowdown in consumption, it is debatable whether this is achievable. With the uncertainty surrounding tax revenues, the Centre has taken recourse to relying heavily on non-tax revenues and disinvestment proceeds. It has pegged collections from the telecom sector at Rs 1.33 lakh crore, suggesting that it does not expect to give telcos any leeway on the adjusted gross revenue issue. And even though the disinvestment target for this year is unlikely to be met, it has raised the target for next year to Rs 2.1 lakh crore. While the Centre is likely to be banking on divesting its stakes in the LIC, Air India and BPCL, this pipeline makes for a challenging disinvestment calendar. |
The underlying assumption in the Budget's numbers appears to be based on the government's views that the economy has bottomed out and is now likely to pick up, although gradually. Yet this is the third consecutive year when fiscal deficit has breached its target, indicating deteriorating fiscal marksmanship. |
After two consecutive years of weak monsoons, a quarter of the India's population is affected by a severe drought. With nearly 50 per cent of India grappling with drought-like conditions, the situation has been particularly grim in 2019 in western and southern states that received below average rainfall. |
According to the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) report released by the Niti Aayog in 2018, 21 major cities (Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and others) are racing to reach zero groundwater levels by 2020, affecting access for 100 million people. However, 12 per cent of India's population is already living the 'Day Zero' scenario. |
The CWMI report also states that by 2030, the country's water demand is projected to be twice the available supply, implying severe water scarcity for hundreds of millions of people and an eventual six per cent loss in the country's GDP. |
Moreover, the climate change would exacerbate India's current water scarcity in the coming decades. |
According to a report by the World Bank, a global mean warming of 2°C above pre-industrial levels, the mismatch between water demand and supply will increase dramatically and will have serious implications on India's food security. |
The roots of the current water crisis do not lie in a deficient or delayed monsoon as is being made out by the Indian media. In fact, it is years of government neglect, wrong incentives and outright misuse of the country's water resources which has led to the current crisis. |
Although, the country has witnessed a dramatic increase in water demand for all uses: agricultural, industrial, and domestic, agricultural irrigation accounts for 90% of India's freshwater withdrawals. |
Therefore, any serious effort towards water management in the country should focus on the management of agricultural irrigation in India. India's annual agricultural water withdrawal is the highest in the world followed by China and the United States. |
Over the years, India has witnessed a major shift in the sources of irrigation. The share of canal irrigation in net irrigated area has declined rapidly and groundwater irrigation now covers more than half of the total irrigated area. |
It is this overexploitation of groundwater resources, more so, in the north-western part of the country which is one of the main reasons for India's water crisis. |
Moreover, groundwater is used to cultivate some of the most water intensive crops like paddy and sugar cane in states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Rice, which is India's main food crop consumes about 3,500 litres of water for a kilogram of grain produced; |
Therefore, state governments should encourage cultivation of less water intensive crops like pulses, millets and oilseeds in water stressed regions and water guzzler crops, particularly rice should be grown only in water rich areas. |
After two consecutive years of weak monsoons, a quarter of the India's population is affected by a severe drought. With nearly 50 per cent of India grappling with drought-like conditions, the situation has been particularly grim in 2019 in western and southern states that received below average rainfall. |
According to the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) report released by the Niti Aayog in 2018, 21 major cities (Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and others) are racing to reach zero groundwater levels by 2020, affecting access for 100 million people. However, 12 per cent of India's population is already living the 'Day Zero' scenario. |
The CWMI report also states that by 2030, the country's water demand is projected to be twice the available supply, implying severe water scarcity for hundreds of millions of people and an eventual six per cent loss in the country's GDP. |
Moreover, the climate change would exacerbate India's current water scarcity in the coming decades. |
According to a report by the World Bank, a global mean warming of 2°C above pre-industrial levels, the mismatch between water demand and supply will increase dramatically and will have serious implications on India's food security. |
The roots of the current water crisis do not lie in a deficient or delayed monsoon as is being made out by the Indian media. In fact, it is years of government neglect, wrong incentives and outright misuse of the country's water resources which has led to the current crisis. |
Although, the country has witnessed a dramatic increase in water demand for all uses: agricultural, industrial, and domestic, agricultural irrigation accounts for 90% of India's freshwater withdrawals. |
Therefore, any serious effort towards water management in the country should focus on the management of agricultural irrigation in India. India's annual agricultural water withdrawal is the highest in the world followed by China and the United States. |
Over the years, India has witnessed a major shift in the sources of irrigation. The share of canal irrigation in net irrigated area has declined rapidly and groundwater irrigation now covers more than half of the total irrigated area. |
It is this overexploitation of groundwater resources, more so, in the north-western part of the country which is one of the main reasons for India's water crisis. |
Moreover, groundwater is used to cultivate some of the most water intensive crops like paddy and sugar cane in states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Rice, which is India's main food crop consumes about 3,500 litres of water for a kilogram of grain produced; |
Therefore, state governments should encourage cultivation of less water intensive crops like pulses, millets and oilseeds in water stressed regions and water guzzler crops, particularly rice should be grown only in water rich areas. |
After two consecutive years of weak monsoons, a quarter of the India's population is affected by a severe drought. With nearly 50 per cent of India grappling with drought-like conditions, the situation has been particularly grim in 2019 in western and southern states that received below average rainfall. |
According to the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) report released by the Niti Aayog in 2018, 21 major cities (Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and others) are racing to reach zero groundwater levels by 2020, affecting access for 100 million people. However, 12 per cent of India's population is already living the 'Day Zero' scenario. |
The CWMI report also states that by 2030, the country's water demand is projected to be twice the available supply, implying severe water scarcity for hundreds of millions of people and an eventual six per cent loss in the country's GDP. |
Moreover, the climate change would exacerbate India's current water scarcity in the coming decades. |
According to a report by the World Bank, a global mean warming of 2°C above pre-industrial levels, the mismatch between water demand and supply will increase dramatically and will have serious implications on India's food security. |
The roots of the current water crisis do not lie in a deficient or delayed monsoon as is being made out by the Indian media. In fact, it is years of government neglect, wrong incentives and outright misuse of the country's water resources which has led to the current crisis. |
Although, the country has witnessed a dramatic increase in water demand for all uses: agricultural, industrial, and domestic, agricultural irrigation accounts for 90% of India's freshwater withdrawals. |
Therefore, any serious effort towards water management in the country should focus on the management of agricultural irrigation in India. India's annual agricultural water withdrawal is the highest in the world followed by China and the United States. |
Over the years, India has witnessed a major shift in the sources of irrigation. The share of canal irrigation in net irrigated area has declined rapidly and groundwater irrigation now covers more than half of the total irrigated area. |
It is this overexploitation of groundwater resources, more so, in the north-western part of the country which is one of the main reasons for India's water crisis. |
Moreover, groundwater is used to cultivate some of the most water intensive crops like paddy and sugar cane in states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Rice, which is India's main food crop consumes about 3,500 litres of water for a kilogram of grain produced; |
Therefore, state governments should encourage cultivation of less water intensive crops like pulses, millets and oilseeds in water stressed regions and water guzzler crops, particularly rice should be grown only in water rich areas. |
After two consecutive years of weak monsoons, a quarter of the India's population is affected by a severe drought. With nearly 50 per cent of India grappling with drought-like conditions, the situation has been particularly grim in 2019 in western and southern states that received below average rainfall. |
According to the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) report released by the Niti Aayog in 2018, 21 major cities (Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and others) are racing to reach zero groundwater levels by 2020, affecting access for 100 million people. However, 12 per cent of India's population is already living the 'Day Zero' scenario. |
The CWMI report also states that by 2030, the country's water demand is projected to be twice the available supply, implying severe water scarcity for hundreds of millions of people and an eventual six per cent loss in the country's GDP. |
Moreover, the climate change would exacerbate India's current water scarcity in the coming decades. |
According to a report by the World Bank, a global mean warming of 2°C above pre-industrial levels, the mismatch between water demand and supply will increase dramatically and will have serious implications on India's food security. |
The roots of the current water crisis do not lie in a deficient or delayed monsoon as is being made out by the Indian media. In fact, it is years of government neglect, wrong incentives and outright misuse of the country's water resources which has led to the current crisis. |
Although, the country has witnessed a dramatic increase in water demand for all uses: agricultural, industrial, and domestic, agricultural irrigation accounts for 90% of India's freshwater withdrawals. |
Therefore, any serious effort towards water management in the country should focus on the management of agricultural irrigation in India. India's annual agricultural water withdrawal is the highest in the world followed by China and the United States. |
Over the years, India has witnessed a major shift in the sources of irrigation. The share of canal irrigation in net irrigated area has declined rapidly and groundwater irrigation now covers more than half of the total irrigated area. |
It is this overexploitation of groundwater resources, more so, in the north-western part of the country which is one of the main reasons for India's water crisis. |
Moreover, groundwater is used to cultivate some of the most water intensive crops like paddy and sugar cane in states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Rice, which is India's main food crop consumes about 3,500 litres of water for a kilogram of grain produced; |
Therefore, state governments should encourage cultivation of less water intensive crops like pulses, millets and oilseeds in water stressed regions and water guzzler crops, particularly rice should be grown only in water rich areas. |
After two consecutive years of weak monsoons, a quarter of the India's population is affected by a severe drought. With nearly 50 per cent of India grappling with drought-like conditions, the situation has been particularly grim in 2019 in western and southern states that received below average rainfall. |
According to the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) report released by the Niti Aayog in 2018, 21 major cities (Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and others) are racing to reach zero groundwater levels by 2020, affecting access for 100 million people. However, 12 per cent of India's population is already living the 'Day Zero' scenario. |
The CWMI report also states that by 2030, the country's water demand is projected to be twice the available supply, implying severe water scarcity for hundreds of millions of people and an eventual six per cent loss in the country's GDP. |
Moreover, the climate change would exacerbate India's current water scarcity in the coming decades. |
According to a report by the World Bank, a global mean warming of 2°C above pre-industrial levels, the mismatch between water demand and supply will increase dramatically and will have serious implications on India's food security. |
The roots of the current water crisis do not lie in a deficient or delayed monsoon as is being made out by the Indian media. In fact, it is years of government neglect, wrong incentives and outright misuse of the country's water resources which has led to the current crisis. |
Although, the country has witnessed a dramatic increase in water demand for all uses: agricultural, industrial, and domestic, agricultural irrigation accounts for 90% of India's freshwater withdrawals. |
Therefore, any serious effort towards water management in the country should focus on the management of agricultural irrigation in India. India's annual agricultural water withdrawal is the highest in the world followed by China and the United States. |
Over the years, India has witnessed a major shift in the sources of irrigation. The share of canal irrigation in net irrigated area has declined rapidly and groundwater irrigation now covers more than half of the total irrigated area. |
It is this overexploitation of groundwater resources, more so, in the north-western part of the country which is one of the main reasons for India's water crisis. |
Moreover, groundwater is used to cultivate some of the most water intensive crops like paddy and sugar cane in states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Rice, which is India's main food crop consumes about 3,500 litres of water for a kilogram of grain produced; |
Therefore, state governments should encourage cultivation of less water intensive crops like pulses, millets and oilseeds in water stressed regions and water guzzler crops, particularly rice should be grown only in water rich areas. |
The Union Governments Rs. 75,000 crore income top-up for small and marginal farmers is not, in the truest sense of the term, a Universal Basic Income (UBI), but it has revived interest in UBI or, in the context of making it affordable, a modified UBI for the bottom 20 or 30% of the population. |
Many have argued that a UBI, or even a modified UBI which promises a reasonable sum of money, is unaffordable and that it has unfortunate side effects in terms of the money being squandered, for instance. |
The idea of a universal basic income was originally suggested by some French thinkers in the nineteenth century. This is very much on the agenda of green parties in Europe today. This is even more important in India because government mess up on distinguishing the poor from others. |
Below poverty line (BPL) lists in most states exclude many poor people while many well-off families manage to bribe their way in. The move towards universal transfers can avoid the inefficiency and corruption in classifications such as BPL. |
Going by the results of the Sewa Bharat-INBI pilot in Madhya Pradesh in 2012-13, and a follow up of it five years after it was over, suggests this may not be correct. |
Sewa-INBI took up two types of villages in Madhya Pradesh for their pilot, one was a normal Indian village while the second was only inhabited by tribals. |
In each case, a set of 'control' villages was identified where no UBI was given while the other set got a UBI for 12 to 17 months. Over 6,000 people got the UBI of Rs. 200 per adult and Rs. 100 per child; after a year, this was raised to Rs. 300 and Rs. 150-respectively-in the normal villages. In the tribal villages, the sum was kept at Rs. 300 and Rs. 150 in the 12-month period. |
Since the pilot was done in the period of 2012-13, there was no government-induced push to PSU banks to open Jan Dhan Yojana accounts for people. Even at that point, however, 70% of the women in the UBI villages said they had no problem opening a bank account as compared to 44% in non-UBI or 'control' villages. |
Similarly, while 61% of households in non-UBI villages said they faced considerable difficulty in withdrawing their money, only 27% in UBI villages faced difficulties. |
And, though this was prior to the Swachh Bharat days, about 16% of the households in the UBI villages said they had made changes to their toilets by the end of the project, compared to only 10% in the control villages; amongst the households that had no toilet at the outset in the general pilot, more than 7% reported building a new toilet as compared to 4% in the control villages. |
Also, 24 of the UBI households had changed their main source of energy for cooking or lighting in some way in the previous 12 months, compared to less than 11% in the non-UBI villages. |
The Union Governments Rs. 75,000 crore income top-up for small and marginal farmers is not, in the truest sense of the term, a Universal Basic Income (UBI), but it has revived interest in UBI or, in the context of making it affordable, a modified UBI for the bottom 20 or 30% of the population. |
Many have argued that a UBI, or even a modified UBI which promises a reasonable sum of money, is unaffordable and that it has unfortunate side effects in terms of the money being squandered, for instance. |
The idea of a universal basic income was originally suggested by some French thinkers in the nineteenth century. This is very much on the agenda of green parties in Europe today. This is even more important in India because government mess up on distinguishing the poor from others. |
Below poverty line (BPL) lists in most states exclude many poor people while many well-off families manage to bribe their way in. The move towards universal transfers can avoid the inefficiency and corruption in classifications such as BPL. |
Going by the results of the Sewa Bharat-INBI pilot in Madhya Pradesh in 2012-13, and a follow up of it five years after it was over, suggests this may not be correct. |
Sewa-INBI took up two types of villages in Madhya Pradesh for their pilot, one was a normal Indian village while the second was only inhabited by tribals. |
In each case, a set of 'control' villages was identified where no UBI was given while the other set got a UBI for 12 to 17 months. Over 6,000 people got the UBI of Rs. 200 per adult and Rs. 100 per child; after a year, this was raised to Rs. 300 and Rs. 150-respectively-in the normal villages. In the tribal villages, the sum was kept at Rs. 300 and Rs. 150 in the 12-month period. |
Since the pilot was done in the period of 2012-13, there was no government-induced push to PSU banks to open Jan Dhan Yojana accounts for people. Even at that point, however, 70% of the women in the UBI villages said they had no problem opening a bank account as compared to 44% in non-UBI or 'control' villages. |
Similarly, while 61% of households in non-UBI villages said they faced considerable difficulty in withdrawing their money, only 27% in UBI villages faced difficulties. |
And, though this was prior to the Swachh Bharat days, about 16% of the households in the UBI villages said they had made changes to their toilets by the end of the project, compared to only 10% in the control villages; amongst the households that had no toilet at the outset in the general pilot, more than 7% reported building a new toilet as compared to 4% in the control villages. |
Also, 24 of the UBI households had changed their main source of energy for cooking or lighting in some way in the previous 12 months, compared to less than 11% in the non-UBI villages. |
The Union Governments Rs. 75,000 crore income top-up for small and marginal farmers is not, in the truest sense of the term, a Universal Basic Income (UBI), but it has revived interest in UBI or, in the context of making it affordable, a modified UBI for the bottom 20 or 30% of the population. |
Many have argued that a UBI, or even a modified UBI which promises a reasonable sum of money, is unaffordable and that it has unfortunate side effects in terms of the money being squandered, for instance. |
The idea of a universal basic income was originally suggested by some French thinkers in the nineteenth century. This is very much on the agenda of green parties in Europe today. This is even more important in India because government mess up on distinguishing the poor from others. |
Below poverty line (BPL) lists in most states exclude many poor people while many well-off families manage to bribe their way in. The move towards universal transfers can avoid the inefficiency and corruption in classifications such as BPL. |
Going by the results of the Sewa Bharat-INBI pilot in Madhya Pradesh in 2012-13, and a follow up of it five years after it was over, suggests this may not be correct. |
Sewa-INBI took up two types of villages in Madhya Pradesh for their pilot, one was a normal Indian village while the second was only inhabited by tribals. |
In each case, a set of 'control' villages was identified where no UBI was given while the other set got a UBI for 12 to 17 months. Over 6,000 people got the UBI of Rs. 200 per adult and Rs. 100 per child; after a year, this was raised to Rs. 300 and Rs. 150-respectively-in the normal villages. In the tribal villages, the sum was kept at Rs. 300 and Rs. 150 in the 12-month period. |
Since the pilot was done in the period of 2012-13, there was no government-induced push to PSU banks to open Jan Dhan Yojana accounts for people. Even at that point, however, 70% of the women in the UBI villages said they had no problem opening a bank account as compared to 44% in non-UBI or 'control' villages. |
Similarly, while 61% of households in non-UBI villages said they faced considerable difficulty in withdrawing their money, only 27% in UBI villages faced difficulties. |
And, though this was prior to the Swachh Bharat days, about 16% of the households in the UBI villages said they had made changes to their toilets by the end of the project, compared to only 10% in the control villages; amongst the households that had no toilet at the outset in the general pilot, more than 7% reported building a new toilet as compared to 4% in the control villages. |
Also, 24 of the UBI households had changed their main source of energy for cooking or lighting in some way in the previous 12 months, compared to less than 11% in the non-UBI villages. |
The Union Governments Rs. 75,000 crore income top-up for small and marginal farmers is not, in the truest sense of the term, a Universal Basic Income (UBI), but it has revived interest in UBI or, in the context of making it affordable, a modified UBI for the bottom 20 or 30% of the population. |
Many have argued that a UBI, or even a modified UBI which promises a reasonable sum of money, is unaffordable and that it has unfortunate side effects in terms of the money being squandered, for instance. |
The idea of a universal basic income was originally suggested by some French thinkers in the nineteenth century. This is very much on the agenda of green parties in Europe today. This is even more important in India because government mess up on distinguishing the poor from others. |
Below poverty line (BPL) lists in most states exclude many poor people while many well-off families manage to bribe their way in. The move towards universal transfers can avoid the inefficiency and corruption in classifications such as BPL. |
Going by the results of the Sewa Bharat-INBI pilot in Madhya Pradesh in 2012-13, and a follow up of it five years after it was over, suggests this may not be correct. |
Sewa-INBI took up two types of villages in Madhya Pradesh for their pilot, one was a normal Indian village while the second was only inhabited by tribals. |
In each case, a set of 'control' villages was identified where no UBI was given while the other set got a UBI for 12 to 17 months. Over 6,000 people got the UBI of Rs. 200 per adult and Rs. 100 per child; after a year, this was raised to Rs. 300 and Rs. 150-respectively-in the normal villages. In the tribal villages, the sum was kept at Rs. 300 and Rs. 150 in the 12-month period. |
Since the pilot was done in the period of 2012-13, there was no government-induced push to PSU banks to open Jan Dhan Yojana accounts for people. Even at that point, however, 70% of the women in the UBI villages said they had no problem opening a bank account as compared to 44% in non-UBI or 'control' villages. |
Similarly, while 61% of households in non-UBI villages said they faced considerable difficulty in withdrawing their money, only 27% in UBI villages faced difficulties. |
And, though this was prior to the Swachh Bharat days, about 16% of the households in the UBI villages said they had made changes to their toilets by the end of the project, compared to only 10% in the control villages; amongst the households that had no toilet at the outset in the general pilot, more than 7% reported building a new toilet as compared to 4% in the control villages. |
Also, 24 of the UBI households had changed their main source of energy for cooking or lighting in some way in the previous 12 months, compared to less than 11% in the non-UBI villages. |
The Union Governments Rs. 75,000 crore income top-up for small and marginal farmers is not, in the truest sense of the term, a Universal Basic Income (UBI), but it has revived interest in UBI or, in the context of making it affordable, a modified UBI for the bottom 20 or 30% of the population. |
Many have argued that a UBI, or even a modified UBI which promises a reasonable sum of money, is unaffordable and that it has unfortunate side effects in terms of the money being squandered, for instance. |
The idea of a universal basic income was originally suggested by some French thinkers in the nineteenth century. This is very much on the agenda of green parties in Europe today. This is even more important in India because government mess up on distinguishing the poor from others. |
Below poverty line (BPL) lists in most states exclude many poor people while many well-off families manage to bribe their way in. The move towards universal transfers can avoid the inefficiency and corruption in classifications such as BPL. |
Going by the results of the Sewa Bharat-INBI pilot in Madhya Pradesh in 2012-13, and a follow up of it five years after it was over, suggests this may not be correct. |
Sewa-INBI took up two types of villages in Madhya Pradesh for their pilot, one was a normal Indian village while the second was only inhabited by tribals. |
In each case, a set of 'control' villages was identified where no UBI was given while the other set got a UBI for 12 to 17 months. Over 6,000 people got the UBI of Rs. 200 per adult and Rs. 100 per child; after a year, this was raised to Rs. 300 and Rs. 150-respectively-in the normal villages. In the tribal villages, the sum was kept at Rs. 300 and Rs. 150 in the 12-month period. |
Since the pilot was done in the period of 2012-13, there was no government-induced push to PSU banks to open Jan Dhan Yojana accounts for people. Even at that point, however, 70% of the women in the UBI villages said they had no problem opening a bank account as compared to 44% in non-UBI or 'control' villages. |
Similarly, while 61% of households in non-UBI villages said they faced considerable difficulty in withdrawing their money, only 27% in UBI villages faced difficulties. |
And, though this was prior to the Swachh Bharat days, about 16% of the households in the UBI villages said they had made changes to their toilets by the end of the project, compared to only 10% in the control villages; amongst the households that had no toilet at the outset in the general pilot, more than 7% reported building a new toilet as compared to 4% in the control villages. |
Also, 24 of the UBI households had changed their main source of energy for cooking or lighting in some way in the previous 12 months, compared to less than 11% in the non-UBI villages. |
British Prime Minister X said he would act to stop the early release from prison of convicted terrorists following a street attack by an Islamist militant days after he was set free half way through his jail term. |
Sudesh Amman, jailed in 2018 for possession of terrorist documents and disseminating terrorist publications, was shot dead by police on Sunday after he stabbed two people with a 10-inch (25-cm) knife in a rampage on a busy London street. |
Amman, 20, had previously praised the Islamic State group, shared an online al Qaeda magazine and encouraged his girlfriend to behead her parents. |
PM said he had come "to the end of my patience" with the freeing of offenders before they had completed their sentences and without any scrutiny. |
"We do think it's time to take action to ensure that people - irrespective of the law that we're bringing in - people in the current stream do not qualify automatically for early release," PM said in a speech. |
The government had already promised tougher rules on terrorism since another former convict killed two people and wounded three more before police shot him dead near London Bridge in November. |
Justice Minister Robert Buckland said that following Sunday's attack, emergency legislation would be introduced to make immediate changes in dealing with people convicted of terrorism offences. |
"Offenders will no longer be released early automatically and any release before the end of their sentence will be dependent on the risk assessment of the parole board," he told parliament, adding the change would apply to serving prisoners. |
PM said efforts to deradicalise and rehabilitate militants have had little success. |
Amman had been released from prison on Jan. 23, according to police, having been jailed for promoting violent Islamist material. |
On Sunday afternoon, he stole a knife from a shop and went on the rampage with a fake bomb strapped to his body. In an attack that lasted around 60 seconds, he stabbed two people, while a third suffered minor injuries caused by shattered glass when police opened fire. |
Amman was under surveillance at the time by armed police. |
Two of the three injured have been discharged from hospital and the third was in a serious but stable condition, police said on Monday. |
In November 2018 Amman pleaded guilty to terrorism charges and the following month he was sentenced to more than three years in prison. |
His mother, Haleema Faraz Khan, told Sky News he was a "nice, polite boy" who was radicalised online and in prison. She said she had spoken to her son hours before the attack, and he had seemed normal when she saw him days before. |
Britain has about 220 people in prison with terrorism convictions. |
In 2016, Britain announced plans to isolate radical Islamists in high security jails to limit their ability to influence other inmates amid concerns that prisons were breeding grounds for extremists. |
Ian Acheson, who carried out a review of the management of Islamist extremists in jail, said the prison service did not have the aptitude to manage terrorist offenders. |
"We may need to accept there are certain people who are so dangerous they must be kept in prison indefinitely," he told BBC radio. |
Mark Rowley, formerly Britains senior counter-terrorism police officer, said dozens of other people convicted of terrorism offences were due to be released early under the sentencing guidelines. |
British Prime Minister X said he would act to stop the early release from prison of convicted terrorists following a street attack by an Islamist militant days after he was set free half way through his jail term. |
Sudesh Amman, jailed in 2018 for possession of terrorist documents and disseminating terrorist publications, was shot dead by police on Sunday after he stabbed two people with a 10-inch (25-cm) knife in a rampage on a busy London street. |
Amman, 20, had previously praised the Islamic State group, shared an online al Qaeda magazine and encouraged his girlfriend to behead her parents. |
PM said he had come "to the end of my patience" with the freeing of offenders before they had completed their sentences and without any scrutiny. |
"We do think it's time to take action to ensure that people - irrespective of the law that we're bringing in - people in the current stream do not qualify automatically for early release," PM said in a speech. |
The government had already promised tougher rules on terrorism since another former convict killed two people and wounded three more before police shot him dead near London Bridge in November. |
Justice Minister Robert Buckland said that following Sunday's attack, emergency legislation would be introduced to make immediate changes in dealing with people convicted of terrorism offences. |
"Offenders will no longer be released early automatically and any release before the end of their sentence will be dependent on the risk assessment of the parole board," he told parliament, adding the change would apply to serving prisoners. |
PM said efforts to deradicalise and rehabilitate militants have had little success. |
Amman had been released from prison on Jan. 23, according to police, having been jailed for promoting violent Islamist material. |
On Sunday afternoon, he stole a knife from a shop and went on the rampage with a fake bomb strapped to his body. In an attack that lasted around 60 seconds, he stabbed two people, while a third suffered minor injuries caused by shattered glass when police opened fire. |
Amman was under surveillance at the time by armed police. |
Two of the three injured have been discharged from hospital and the third was in a serious but stable condition, police said on Monday. |
In November 2018 Amman pleaded guilty to terrorism charges and the following month he was sentenced to more than three years in prison. |
His mother, Haleema Faraz Khan, told Sky News he was a "nice, polite boy" who was radicalised online and in prison. She said she had spoken to her son hours before the attack, and he had seemed normal when she saw him days before. |
Britain has about 220 people in prison with terrorism convictions. |
In 2016, Britain announced plans to isolate radical Islamists in high security jails to limit their ability to influence other inmates amid concerns that prisons were breeding grounds for extremists. |
Ian Acheson, who carried out a review of the management of Islamist extremists in jail, said the prison service did not have the aptitude to manage terrorist offenders. |
"We may need to accept there are certain people who are so dangerous they must be kept in prison indefinitely," he told BBC radio. |
Mark Rowley, formerly Britains senior counter-terrorism police officer, said dozens of other people convicted of terrorism offences were due to be released early under the sentencing guidelines. |
British Prime Minister X said he would act to stop the early release from prison of convicted terrorists following a street attack by an Islamist militant days after he was set free half way through his jail term. |
Sudesh Amman, jailed in 2018 for possession of terrorist documents and disseminating terrorist publications, was shot dead by police on Sunday after he stabbed two people with a 10-inch (25-cm) knife in a rampage on a busy London street. |
Amman, 20, had previously praised the Islamic State group, shared an online al Qaeda magazine and encouraged his girlfriend to behead her parents. |
PM said he had come "to the end of my patience" with the freeing of offenders before they had completed their sentences and without any scrutiny. |
"We do think it's time to take action to ensure that people - irrespective of the law that we're bringing in - people in the current stream do not qualify automatically for early release," PM said in a speech. |
The government had already promised tougher rules on terrorism since another former convict killed two people and wounded three more before police shot him dead near London Bridge in November. |
Justice Minister Robert Buckland said that following Sunday's attack, emergency legislation would be introduced to make immediate changes in dealing with people convicted of terrorism offences. |
"Offenders will no longer be released early automatically and any release before the end of their sentence will be dependent on the risk assessment of the parole board," he told parliament, adding the change would apply to serving prisoners. |
PM said efforts to deradicalise and rehabilitate militants have had little success. |
Amman had been released from prison on Jan. 23, according to police, having been jailed for promoting violent Islamist material. |
On Sunday afternoon, he stole a knife from a shop and went on the rampage with a fake bomb strapped to his body. In an attack that lasted around 60 seconds, he stabbed two people, while a third suffered minor injuries caused by shattered glass when police opened fire. |
Amman was under surveillance at the time by armed police. |
Two of the three injured have been discharged from hospital and the third was in a serious but stable condition, police said on Monday. |
In November 2018 Amman pleaded guilty to terrorism charges and the following month he was sentenced to more than three years in prison. |
His mother, Haleema Faraz Khan, told Sky News he was a "nice, polite boy" who was radicalised online and in prison. She said she had spoken to her son hours before the attack, and he had seemed normal when she saw him days before. |
Britain has about 220 people in prison with terrorism convictions. |
In 2016, Britain announced plans to isolate radical Islamists in high security jails to limit their ability to influence other inmates amid concerns that prisons were breeding grounds for extremists. |
Ian Acheson, who carried out a review of the management of Islamist extremists in jail, said the prison service did not have the aptitude to manage terrorist offenders. |
"We may need to accept there are certain people who are so dangerous they must be kept in prison indefinitely," he told BBC radio. |
Mark Rowley, formerly Britains senior counter-terrorism police officer, said dozens of other people convicted of terrorism offences were due to be released early under the sentencing guidelines. |
British Prime Minister X said he would act to stop the early release from prison of convicted terrorists following a street attack by an Islamist militant days after he was set free half way through his jail term. |
Sudesh Amman, jailed in 2018 for possession of terrorist documents and disseminating terrorist publications, was shot dead by police on Sunday after he stabbed two people with a 10-inch (25-cm) knife in a rampage on a busy London street. |
Amman, 20, had previously praised the Islamic State group, shared an online al Qaeda magazine and encouraged his girlfriend to behead her parents. |
PM said he had come "to the end of my patience" with the freeing of offenders before they had completed their sentences and without any scrutiny. |
"We do think it's time to take action to ensure that people - irrespective of the law that we're bringing in - people in the current stream do not qualify automatically for early release," PM said in a speech. |
The government had already promised tougher rules on terrorism since another former convict killed two people and wounded three more before police shot him dead near London Bridge in November. |
Justice Minister Robert Buckland said that following Sunday's attack, emergency legislation would be introduced to make immediate changes in dealing with people convicted of terrorism offences. |
"Offenders will no longer be released early automatically and any release before the end of their sentence will be dependent on the risk assessment of the parole board," he told parliament, adding the change would apply to serving prisoners. |
PM said efforts to deradicalise and rehabilitate militants have had little success. |
Amman had been released from prison on Jan. 23, according to police, having been jailed for promoting violent Islamist material. |
On Sunday afternoon, he stole a knife from a shop and went on the rampage with a fake bomb strapped to his body. In an attack that lasted around 60 seconds, he stabbed two people, while a third suffered minor injuries caused by shattered glass when police opened fire. |
Amman was under surveillance at the time by armed police. |
Two of the three injured have been discharged from hospital and the third was in a serious but stable condition, police said on Monday. |
In November 2018 Amman pleaded guilty to terrorism charges and the following month he was sentenced to more than three years in prison. |
His mother, Haleema Faraz Khan, told Sky News he was a "nice, polite boy" who was radicalised online and in prison. She said she had spoken to her son hours before the attack, and he had seemed normal when she saw him days before. |
Britain has about 220 people in prison with terrorism convictions. |
In 2016, Britain announced plans to isolate radical Islamists in high security jails to limit their ability to influence other inmates amid concerns that prisons were breeding grounds for extremists. |
Ian Acheson, who carried out a review of the management of Islamist extremists in jail, said the prison service did not have the aptitude to manage terrorist offenders. |
"We may need to accept there are certain people who are so dangerous they must be kept in prison indefinitely," he told BBC radio. |
Mark Rowley, formerly Britains senior counter-terrorism police officer, said dozens of other people convicted of terrorism offences were due to be released early under the sentencing guidelines. |
British Prime Minister X said he would act to stop the early release from prison of convicted terrorists following a street attack by an Islamist militant days after he was set free half way through his jail term. |
Sudesh Amman, jailed in 2018 for possession of terrorist documents and disseminating terrorist publications, was shot dead by police on Sunday after he stabbed two people with a 10-inch (25-cm) knife in a rampage on a busy London street. |
Amman, 20, had previously praised the Islamic State group, shared an online al Qaeda magazine and encouraged his girlfriend to behead her parents. |
PM said he had come "to the end of my patience" with the freeing of offenders before they had completed their sentences and without any scrutiny. |
"We do think it's time to take action to ensure that people - irrespective of the law that we're bringing in - people in the current stream do not qualify automatically for early release," PM said in a speech. |
The government had already promised tougher rules on terrorism since another former convict killed two people and wounded three more before police shot him dead near London Bridge in November. |
Justice Minister Robert Buckland said that following Sunday's attack, emergency legislation would be introduced to make immediate changes in dealing with people convicted of terrorism offences. |
"Offenders will no longer be released early automatically and any release before the end of their sentence will be dependent on the risk assessment of the parole board," he told parliament, adding the change would apply to serving prisoners. |
PM said efforts to deradicalise and rehabilitate militants have had little success. |
Amman had been released from prison on Jan. 23, according to police, having been jailed for promoting violent Islamist material. |
On Sunday afternoon, he stole a knife from a shop and went on the rampage with a fake bomb strapped to his body. In an attack that lasted around 60 seconds, he stabbed two people, while a third suffered minor injuries caused by shattered glass when police opened fire. |
Amman was under surveillance at the time by armed police. |
Two of the three injured have been discharged from hospital and the third was in a serious but stable condition, police said on Monday. |
In November 2018 Amman pleaded guilty to terrorism charges and the following month he was sentenced to more than three years in prison. |
His mother, Haleema Faraz Khan, told Sky News he was a "nice, polite boy" who was radicalised online and in prison. She said she had spoken to her son hours before the attack, and he had seemed normal when she saw him days before. |
Britain has about 220 people in prison with terrorism convictions. |
In 2016, Britain announced plans to isolate radical Islamists in high security jails to limit their ability to influence other inmates amid concerns that prisons were breeding grounds for extremists. |
Ian Acheson, who carried out a review of the management of Islamist extremists in jail, said the prison service did not have the aptitude to manage terrorist offenders. |
"We may need to accept there are certain people who are so dangerous they must be kept in prison indefinitely," he told BBC radio. |
Mark Rowley, formerly Britains senior counter-terrorism police officer, said dozens of other people convicted of terrorism offences were due to be released early under the sentencing guidelines. |
Recently money bill came in for a debate. The background of the debate should be briefly understood. Supreme Court in the Adhar case had extensively examined arid discussed Article 110 that deals with the money bill. For an authoritative ruling, the Supreme Court had referred the issue to a seven bench judge. |
The case was referred because there was a need for absolute clarity with regard to provisions of the money bill, according to a five -judge constitution bench of CJI Ranjan Gogoi and Justices N V Ramana, D Y Chandrachud, Deepak Gupta and Sanjiv Khanna. There was a need to iron out ambiguities and debates. |
So far, it was the Lok Sabha speaker who decided whether a legislation is a money bill or not. The courts view will be important but the majority judgment in the Aadhaar case, which upheld the Centre's decision to introduce the Aadhaar Act as a money bill. However, it did not elucidate and explain the scope and ambit of sub-clauses (a) to (f) to clause (1) of Article 110 and this needed a comprehensive examination. Therefore, according to the court, "The issue and question of money bill, as defined under Article 110(1) of the Constitution, and certification accorded by the speaker of Lok Sabha in respect of Part-XIV of the Finance Act, 2017 (under which rules were framed for regulation of tribunals) is referred to a larger bench," |
The majority judgment in K S Puttaswamy (Aadhaar case) did not examine and answer use of the word 'only' in relation to sub-clauses (a) to (f) in the context of Article 110(1) of the Constitution. The use of the word only can be easily applied in a bill relating to imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax, the problem might likely arise in context of a bill "relating to borrowing of money or giving of any guarantee by the government of India, or an amendment of law concerning financial obligation," according to the bench. |
For a Bill to be considered as a Money Bill, it must only contain provisions related to |
· Taxation, |
· Borrowing of money by the government, |
· Expenditure from or receipt to the Consolidated Fund of India, and matters that are incidental to such taxation, |
· Expenditure and related subjects. |
· For example, the Finance Bill, which only contains provisions related to tax proposals, would be a Money Bill. |
Recently money bill came in for a debate. The background of the debate should be briefly understood. Supreme Court in the Adhar case had extensively examined arid discussed Article 110 that deals with the money bill. For an authoritative ruling, the Supreme Court had referred the issue to a seven bench judge. |
The case was referred because there was a need for absolute clarity with regard to provisions of the money bill, according to a five -judge constitution bench of CJI Ranjan Gogoi and Justices N V Ramana, D Y Chandrachud, Deepak Gupta and Sanjiv Khanna. There was a need to iron out ambiguities and debates. |
So far, it was the Lok Sabha speaker who decided whether a legislation is a money bill or not. The courts view will be important but the majority judgment in the Aadhaar case, which upheld the Centre's decision to introduce the Aadhaar Act as a money bill. However, it did not elucidate and explain the scope and ambit of sub-clauses (a) to (f) to clause (1) of Article 110 and this needed a comprehensive examination. Therefore, according to the court, "The issue and question of money bill, as defined under Article 110(1) of the Constitution, and certification accorded by the speaker of Lok Sabha in respect of Part-XIV of the Finance Act, 2017 (under which rules were framed for regulation of tribunals) is referred to a larger bench," |
The majority judgment in K S Puttaswamy (Aadhaar case) did not examine and answer use of the word 'only' in relation to sub-clauses (a) to (f) in the context of Article 110(1) of the Constitution. The use of the word only can be easily applied in a bill relating to imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax, the problem might likely arise in context of a bill "relating to borrowing of money or giving of any guarantee by the government of India, or an amendment of law concerning financial obligation," according to the bench. |
For a Bill to be considered as a Money Bill, it must only contain provisions related to |
· Taxation, |
· Borrowing of money by the government, |
· Expenditure from or receipt to the Consolidated Fund of India, and matters that are incidental to such taxation, |
· Expenditure and related subjects. |
· For example, the Finance Bill, which only contains provisions related to tax proposals, would be a Money Bill. |
Recently money bill came in for a debate. The background of the debate should be briefly understood. Supreme Court in the Adhar case had extensively examined arid discussed Article 110 that deals with the money bill. For an authoritative ruling, the Supreme Court had referred the issue to a seven bench judge. |
The case was referred because there was a need for absolute clarity with regard to provisions of the money bill, according to a five -judge constitution bench of CJI Ranjan Gogoi and Justices N V Ramana, D Y Chandrachud, Deepak Gupta and Sanjiv Khanna. There was a need to iron out ambiguities and debates. |
So far, it was the Lok Sabha speaker who decided whether a legislation is a money bill or not. The courts view will be important but the majority judgment in the Aadhaar case, which upheld the Centre's decision to introduce the Aadhaar Act as a money bill. However, it did not elucidate and explain the scope and ambit of sub-clauses (a) to (f) to clause (1) of Article 110 and this needed a comprehensive examination. Therefore, according to the court, "The issue and question of money bill, as defined under Article 110(1) of the Constitution, and certification accorded by the speaker of Lok Sabha in respect of Part-XIV of the Finance Act, 2017 (under which rules were framed for regulation of tribunals) is referred to a larger bench," |
The majority judgment in K S Puttaswamy (Aadhaar case) did not examine and answer use of the word 'only' in relation to sub-clauses (a) to (f) in the context of Article 110(1) of the Constitution. The use of the word only can be easily applied in a bill relating to imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax, the problem might likely arise in context of a bill "relating to borrowing of money or giving of any guarantee by the government of India, or an amendment of law concerning financial obligation," according to the bench. |
For a Bill to be considered as a Money Bill, it must only contain provisions related to |
· Taxation, |
· Borrowing of money by the government, |
· Expenditure from or receipt to the Consolidated Fund of India, and matters that are incidental to such taxation, |
· Expenditure and related subjects. |
· For example, the Finance Bill, which only contains provisions related to tax proposals, would be a Money Bill. |
Recently money bill came in for a debate. The background of the debate should be briefly understood. Supreme Court in the Adhar case had extensively examined arid discussed Article 110 that deals with the money bill. For an authoritative ruling, the Supreme Court had referred the issue to a seven bench judge. |
The case was referred because there was a need for absolute clarity with regard to provisions of the money bill, according to a five -judge constitution bench of CJI Ranjan Gogoi and Justices N V Ramana, D Y Chandrachud, Deepak Gupta and Sanjiv Khanna. There was a need to iron out ambiguities and debates. |
So far, it was the Lok Sabha speaker who decided whether a legislation is a money bill or not. The courts view will be important but the majority judgment in the Aadhaar case, which upheld the Centre's decision to introduce the Aadhaar Act as a money bill. However, it did not elucidate and explain the scope and ambit of sub-clauses (a) to (f) to clause (1) of Article 110 and this needed a comprehensive examination. Therefore, according to the court, "The issue and question of money bill, as defined under Article 110(1) of the Constitution, and certification accorded by the speaker of Lok Sabha in respect of Part-XIV of the Finance Act, 2017 (under which rules were framed for regulation of tribunals) is referred to a larger bench," |
The majority judgment in K S Puttaswamy (Aadhaar case) did not examine and answer use of the word 'only' in relation to sub-clauses (a) to (f) in the context of Article 110(1) of the Constitution. The use of the word only can be easily applied in a bill relating to imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax, the problem might likely arise in context of a bill "relating to borrowing of money or giving of any guarantee by the government of India, or an amendment of law concerning financial obligation," according to the bench. |
For a Bill to be considered as a Money Bill, it must only contain provisions related to |
· Taxation, |
· Borrowing of money by the government, |
· Expenditure from or receipt to the Consolidated Fund of India, and matters that are incidental to such taxation, |
· Expenditure and related subjects. |
· For example, the Finance Bill, which only contains provisions related to tax proposals, would be a Money Bill. |
Recently money bill came in for a debate. The background of the debate should be briefly understood. Supreme Court in the Adhar case had extensively examined arid discussed Article 110 that deals with the money bill. For an authoritative ruling, the Supreme Court had referred the issue to a seven bench judge. |
The case was referred because there was a need for absolute clarity with regard to provisions of the money bill, according to a five -judge constitution bench of CJI Ranjan Gogoi and Justices N V Ramana, D Y Chandrachud, Deepak Gupta and Sanjiv Khanna. There was a need to iron out ambiguities and debates. |
So far, it was the Lok Sabha speaker who decided whether a legislation is a money bill or not. The courts view will be important but the majority judgment in the Aadhaar case, which upheld the Centre's decision to introduce the Aadhaar Act as a money bill. However, it did not elucidate and explain the scope and ambit of sub-clauses (a) to (f) to clause (1) of Article 110 and this needed a comprehensive examination. Therefore, according to the court, "The issue and question of money bill, as defined under Article 110(1) of the Constitution, and certification accorded by the speaker of Lok Sabha in respect of Part-XIV of the Finance Act, 2017 (under which rules were framed for regulation of tribunals) is referred to a larger bench," |
The majority judgment in K S Puttaswamy (Aadhaar case) did not examine and answer use of the word 'only' in relation to sub-clauses (a) to (f) in the context of Article 110(1) of the Constitution. The use of the word only can be easily applied in a bill relating to imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax, the problem might likely arise in context of a bill "relating to borrowing of money or giving of any guarantee by the government of India, or an amendment of law concerning financial obligation," according to the bench. |
For a Bill to be considered as a Money Bill, it must only contain provisions related to |
· Taxation, |
· Borrowing of money by the government, |
· Expenditure from or receipt to the Consolidated Fund of India, and matters that are incidental to such taxation, |
· Expenditure and related subjects. |
· For example, the Finance Bill, which only contains provisions related to tax proposals, would be a Money Bill. |
The much awaited Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018 ("PDP Bill") was issued by the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology ("MeitY") on August 26, 2018 for public consultation along with Justice B.N. Srikrishna committee report on 'A Free and Fair Digital Economy - Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians' ("Data Protection Committee Report"). The said PDP Bill contains a lot of hot issues which have created a sensation among the industries and individuals who are going to be affected by it. One such issue which has drawn a special attention of industries and general public is 'Right to be Forgotten'. The said right has been incorporated in the PDP Bill on verge of European Unions data protection regime i.e. General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") with some modifications. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten', as envisage under Section 27 of PDP Bill, gives 'data principal' a right to restrict or prevent continuing disclosure of his/ her personal data by 'data fiduciary'. Though the language of the said right under PDP Bill is not exactly similar to that contained under GDPR but the genesis of the same has been taken from GDPR. The 'Right to be Forgotten' does not exist in India's current data protection framework i.e. Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011 ("SPDI Rules") which are issued under Information Technology Act, 2000. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten' has been originated in the western countries. Its history can be traced back to the year 1995 when European Union ("EU") enacted its first legislation on personal data protection i.e. Directive 95/46/EC ("Directives"). Though the said right was not expressly codified in the Directives but a combined reading of Article 6(1) (e) and Article 12(b) gave an inference of 'Right to be Forgotten'. Article 6(1) (e) mandated member states that personal data shall be "kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the data were collected or for which they are further processed" while Article 12(b) gave data subject the right to rectify, erase or block the processing of personal data if the same is not in line with the Directives. The bare language of Article 12(b) is read as "Member States shall guarantee every data subject the right to obtain from the controller as appropriate the rectification, erasure or blocking of data the processing of which does not comply with the provisions of this Directive, in particular because of the incomplete or inaccurate nature of the data." |
The foundation of the 'Right to be Forgotten' was laid down by the European Court of Justice in the case of Google Spain SL v/s Agenda Espanola de Proteccion de Datos & Mario Costeja Gonzalez ("Google Spain Case"). The dispute in the said case arose in the year 2010 when Mr. Costeja Gonzalez lodged a complaint against a newspaper publisher and Google with Spanish data protection agency. The case of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez was that whenever an internet user enters his name on the Google search page, link of two pages of La Vanguardia newspaper dated Jan. 19 and March 09, 1998 appears on the result page. These pages contained personal information of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez relating to an attachment proceeding for recovery of social security debt which was later resolved. In the complaint made to the data protection agency, Mr. Gonzalez requested that La Vanguardia and Google shall remove or take measures to conceal the personal data concerning him. In response, the data protection agency rejected his compliant relating to La Vanguardia newspaper as the information published was legally justified but upheld the complaint against Google as the operators of search engines were subjected to the Directives. In an appeal by Google, the European courts and the European Court of Justice held that the operators of search engines fall under the definition of 'controller' as envisaged under Article 2(d) of the Directives. Further, the courts also confirmed the individual's Right to be Forgotten if the personal data concerning him/ her is no longer needed for which it was collected. |
The much awaited Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018 ("PDP Bill") was issued by the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology ("MeitY") on August 26, 2018 for public consultation along with Justice B.N. Srikrishna committee report on 'A Free and Fair Digital Economy - Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians' ("Data Protection Committee Report"). The said PDP Bill contains a lot of hot issues which have created a sensation among the industries and individuals who are going to be affected by it. One such issue which has drawn a special attention of industries and general public is 'Right to be Forgotten'. The said right has been incorporated in the PDP Bill on verge of European Unions data protection regime i.e. General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") with some modifications. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten', as envisage under Section 27 of PDP Bill, gives 'data principal' a right to restrict or prevent continuing disclosure of his/ her personal data by 'data fiduciary'. Though the language of the said right under PDP Bill is not exactly similar to that contained under GDPR but the genesis of the same has been taken from GDPR. The 'Right to be Forgotten' does not exist in India's current data protection framework i.e. Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011 ("SPDI Rules") which are issued under Information Technology Act, 2000. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten' has been originated in the western countries. Its history can be traced back to the year 1995 when European Union ("EU") enacted its first legislation on personal data protection i.e. Directive 95/46/EC ("Directives"). Though the said right was not expressly codified in the Directives but a combined reading of Article 6(1) (e) and Article 12(b) gave an inference of 'Right to be Forgotten'. Article 6(1) (e) mandated member states that personal data shall be "kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the data were collected or for which they are further processed" while Article 12(b) gave data subject the right to rectify, erase or block the processing of personal data if the same is not in line with the Directives. The bare language of Article 12(b) is read as "Member States shall guarantee every data subject the right to obtain from the controller as appropriate the rectification, erasure or blocking of data the processing of which does not comply with the provisions of this Directive, in particular because of the incomplete or inaccurate nature of the data." |
The foundation of the 'Right to be Forgotten' was laid down by the European Court of Justice in the case of Google Spain SL v/s Agenda Espanola de Proteccion de Datos & Mario Costeja Gonzalez ("Google Spain Case"). The dispute in the said case arose in the year 2010 when Mr. Costeja Gonzalez lodged a complaint against a newspaper publisher and Google with Spanish data protection agency. The case of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez was that whenever an internet user enters his name on the Google search page, link of two pages of La Vanguardia newspaper dated Jan. 19 and March 09, 1998 appears on the result page. These pages contained personal information of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez relating to an attachment proceeding for recovery of social security debt which was later resolved. In the complaint made to the data protection agency, Mr. Gonzalez requested that La Vanguardia and Google shall remove or take measures to conceal the personal data concerning him. In response, the data protection agency rejected his compliant relating to La Vanguardia newspaper as the information published was legally justified but upheld the complaint against Google as the operators of search engines were subjected to the Directives. In an appeal by Google, the European courts and the European Court of Justice held that the operators of search engines fall under the definition of 'controller' as envisaged under Article 2(d) of the Directives. Further, the courts also confirmed the individual's Right to be Forgotten if the personal data concerning him/ her is no longer needed for which it was collected. |
The much awaited Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018 ("PDP Bill") was issued by the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology ("MeitY") on August 26, 2018 for public consultation along with Justice B.N. Srikrishna committee report on 'A Free and Fair Digital Economy - Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians' ("Data Protection Committee Report"). The said PDP Bill contains a lot of hot issues which have created a sensation among the industries and individuals who are going to be affected by it. One such issue which has drawn a special attention of industries and general public is 'Right to be Forgotten'. The said right has been incorporated in the PDP Bill on verge of European Unions data protection regime i.e. General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") with some modifications. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten', as envisage under Section 27 of PDP Bill, gives 'data principal' a right to restrict or prevent continuing disclosure of his/ her personal data by 'data fiduciary'. Though the language of the said right under PDP Bill is not exactly similar to that contained under GDPR but the genesis of the same has been taken from GDPR. The 'Right to be Forgotten' does not exist in India's current data protection framework i.e. Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011 ("SPDI Rules") which are issued under Information Technology Act, 2000. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten' has been originated in the western countries. Its history can be traced back to the year 1995 when European Union ("EU") enacted its first legislation on personal data protection i.e. Directive 95/46/EC ("Directives"). Though the said right was not expressly codified in the Directives but a combined reading of Article 6(1) (e) and Article 12(b) gave an inference of 'Right to be Forgotten'. Article 6(1) (e) mandated member states that personal data shall be "kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the data were collected or for which they are further processed" while Article 12(b) gave data subject the right to rectify, erase or block the processing of personal data if the same is not in line with the Directives. The bare language of Article 12(b) is read as "Member States shall guarantee every data subject the right to obtain from the controller as appropriate the rectification, erasure or blocking of data the processing of which does not comply with the provisions of this Directive, in particular because of the incomplete or inaccurate nature of the data." |
The foundation of the 'Right to be Forgotten' was laid down by the European Court of Justice in the case of Google Spain SL v/s Agenda Espanola de Proteccion de Datos & Mario Costeja Gonzalez ("Google Spain Case"). The dispute in the said case arose in the year 2010 when Mr. Costeja Gonzalez lodged a complaint against a newspaper publisher and Google with Spanish data protection agency. The case of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez was that whenever an internet user enters his name on the Google search page, link of two pages of La Vanguardia newspaper dated Jan. 19 and March 09, 1998 appears on the result page. These pages contained personal information of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez relating to an attachment proceeding for recovery of social security debt which was later resolved. In the complaint made to the data protection agency, Mr. Gonzalez requested that La Vanguardia and Google shall remove or take measures to conceal the personal data concerning him. In response, the data protection agency rejected his compliant relating to La Vanguardia newspaper as the information published was legally justified but upheld the complaint against Google as the operators of search engines were subjected to the Directives. In an appeal by Google, the European courts and the European Court of Justice held that the operators of search engines fall under the definition of 'controller' as envisaged under Article 2(d) of the Directives. Further, the courts also confirmed the individual's Right to be Forgotten if the personal data concerning him/ her is no longer needed for which it was collected. |
The much awaited Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018 ("PDP Bill") was issued by the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology ("MeitY") on August 26, 2018 for public consultation along with Justice B.N. Srikrishna committee report on 'A Free and Fair Digital Economy - Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians' ("Data Protection Committee Report"). The said PDP Bill contains a lot of hot issues which have created a sensation among the industries and individuals who are going to be affected by it. One such issue which has drawn a special attention of industries and general public is 'Right to be Forgotten'. The said right has been incorporated in the PDP Bill on verge of European Unions data protection regime i.e. General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") with some modifications. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten', as envisage under Section 27 of PDP Bill, gives 'data principal' a right to restrict or prevent continuing disclosure of his/ her personal data by 'data fiduciary'. Though the language of the said right under PDP Bill is not exactly similar to that contained under GDPR but the genesis of the same has been taken from GDPR. The 'Right to be Forgotten' does not exist in India's current data protection framework i.e. Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011 ("SPDI Rules") which are issued under Information Technology Act, 2000. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten' has been originated in the western countries. Its history can be traced back to the year 1995 when European Union ("EU") enacted its first legislation on personal data protection i.e. Directive 95/46/EC ("Directives"). Though the said right was not expressly codified in the Directives but a combined reading of Article 6(1) (e) and Article 12(b) gave an inference of 'Right to be Forgotten'. Article 6(1) (e) mandated member states that personal data shall be "kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the data were collected or for which they are further processed" while Article 12(b) gave data subject the right to rectify, erase or block the processing of personal data if the same is not in line with the Directives. The bare language of Article 12(b) is read as "Member States shall guarantee every data subject the right to obtain from the controller as appropriate the rectification, erasure or blocking of data the processing of which does not comply with the provisions of this Directive, in particular because of the incomplete or inaccurate nature of the data." |
The foundation of the 'Right to be Forgotten' was laid down by the European Court of Justice in the case of Google Spain SL v/s Agenda Espanola de Proteccion de Datos & Mario Costeja Gonzalez ("Google Spain Case"). The dispute in the said case arose in the year 2010 when Mr. Costeja Gonzalez lodged a complaint against a newspaper publisher and Google with Spanish data protection agency. The case of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez was that whenever an internet user enters his name on the Google search page, link of two pages of La Vanguardia newspaper dated Jan. 19 and March 09, 1998 appears on the result page. These pages contained personal information of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez relating to an attachment proceeding for recovery of social security debt which was later resolved. In the complaint made to the data protection agency, Mr. Gonzalez requested that La Vanguardia and Google shall remove or take measures to conceal the personal data concerning him. In response, the data protection agency rejected his compliant relating to La Vanguardia newspaper as the information published was legally justified but upheld the complaint against Google as the operators of search engines were subjected to the Directives. In an appeal by Google, the European courts and the European Court of Justice held that the operators of search engines fall under the definition of 'controller' as envisaged under Article 2(d) of the Directives. Further, the courts also confirmed the individual's Right to be Forgotten if the personal data concerning him/ her is no longer needed for which it was collected. |
The much awaited Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018 ("PDP Bill") was issued by the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology ("MeitY") on August 26, 2018 for public consultation along with Justice B.N. Srikrishna committee report on 'A Free and Fair Digital Economy - Protecting Privacy, Empowering Indians' ("Data Protection Committee Report"). The said PDP Bill contains a lot of hot issues which have created a sensation among the industries and individuals who are going to be affected by it. One such issue which has drawn a special attention of industries and general public is 'Right to be Forgotten'. The said right has been incorporated in the PDP Bill on verge of European Unions data protection regime i.e. General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") with some modifications. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten', as envisage under Section 27 of PDP Bill, gives 'data principal' a right to restrict or prevent continuing disclosure of his/ her personal data by 'data fiduciary'. Though the language of the said right under PDP Bill is not exactly similar to that contained under GDPR but the genesis of the same has been taken from GDPR. The 'Right to be Forgotten' does not exist in India's current data protection framework i.e. Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011 ("SPDI Rules") which are issued under Information Technology Act, 2000. |
The 'Right to be Forgotten' has been originated in the western countries. Its history can be traced back to the year 1995 when European Union ("EU") enacted its first legislation on personal data protection i.e. Directive 95/46/EC ("Directives"). Though the said right was not expressly codified in the Directives but a combined reading of Article 6(1) (e) and Article 12(b) gave an inference of 'Right to be Forgotten'. Article 6(1) (e) mandated member states that personal data shall be "kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the data were collected or for which they are further processed" while Article 12(b) gave data subject the right to rectify, erase or block the processing of personal data if the same is not in line with the Directives. The bare language of Article 12(b) is read as "Member States shall guarantee every data subject the right to obtain from the controller as appropriate the rectification, erasure or blocking of data the processing of which does not comply with the provisions of this Directive, in particular because of the incomplete or inaccurate nature of the data." |
The foundation of the 'Right to be Forgotten' was laid down by the European Court of Justice in the case of Google Spain SL v/s Agenda Espanola de Proteccion de Datos & Mario Costeja Gonzalez ("Google Spain Case"). The dispute in the said case arose in the year 2010 when Mr. Costeja Gonzalez lodged a complaint against a newspaper publisher and Google with Spanish data protection agency. The case of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez was that whenever an internet user enters his name on the Google search page, link of two pages of La Vanguardia newspaper dated Jan. 19 and March 09, 1998 appears on the result page. These pages contained personal information of Mr. Costeja Gonzalez relating to an attachment proceeding for recovery of social security debt which was later resolved. In the complaint made to the data protection agency, Mr. Gonzalez requested that La Vanguardia and Google shall remove or take measures to conceal the personal data concerning him. In response, the data protection agency rejected his compliant relating to La Vanguardia newspaper as the information published was legally justified but upheld the complaint against Google as the operators of search engines were subjected to the Directives. In an appeal by Google, the European courts and the European Court of Justice held that the operators of search engines fall under the definition of 'controller' as envisaged under Article 2(d) of the Directives. Further, the courts also confirmed the individual's Right to be Forgotten if the personal data concerning him/ her is no longer needed for which it was collected. |
The use of the word 'only' (in context of taxations or expenditure provisions) in the definition of the money bill, according to some Constitutional experts was meant to safeguard the Upper House against the abuse of this provision by the lower house. This special procedure is limited only to Money Bills as against any other bill that cannot be treated as a money bill simply by adding some financial clause. The first speaker of Lok Sabha G V Malvankar, said that if a Bill substantially deals with the imposition of a tax, it should be certified as a Money Bill. |
The Centre argued that there is no scope of judicial scrutiny in matters relating to passage of bills in Parliament. The court rejected this plea. Terming the Centres contention far-fetched, the bench said if such a blanket exemption were to be granted, then it would open floodgates to deviation from any constitutional provision governing the functioning of Parliament and its legislative procedure. At the same time, it said that scope of judicial review in matters such as money bill was "extremely limited" in deference to the speaker's certification. |
On the power to review a legislation, the court said, "Since the Constitution explicitly provides a self-contained detailed procedure for enactment of legislation, and does not suggest that mere assent of the President to a law, by whatsoever method adopted, would become a valid law, it is necessary that this court being the highest constitutional forum for judicial review is provided with enough space for enforcement and protection of the constitutional scheme." |
The Adhar Judgement was thus pronounced in the following words: "Upon an extensive examination of the matter, we notice that the majority in Puttaswamy case pronounced the nature of the impugned enactment without first delineating the scope of Article 110(1) and principles for interpretation or the repercussions of such process. It is clear to us that the majority dictum in the case did not substantially discuss the effect of the word 'only' in Article 110(1) and offers little guidance on the repercussions of a finding when some of the provisions of an enactment passed as a money bill do not conform to Article 110 (1) (a) to (g)." |
The use of the word 'only' (in context of taxations or expenditure provisions) in the definition of the money bill, according to some Constitutional experts was meant to safeguard the Upper House against the abuse of this provision by the lower house. This special procedure is limited only to Money Bills as against any other bill that cannot be treated as a money bill simply by adding some financial clause. The first speaker of Lok Sabha G V Malvankar, said that if a Bill substantially deals with the imposition of a tax, it should be certified as a Money Bill. |
The Centre argued that there is no scope of judicial scrutiny in matters relating to passage of bills in Parliament. The court rejected this plea. Terming the Centres contention far-fetched, the bench said if such a blanket exemption were to be granted, then it would open floodgates to deviation from any constitutional provision governing the functioning of Parliament and its legislative procedure. At the same time, it said that scope of judicial review in matters such as money bill was "extremely limited" in deference to the speaker's certification. |
On the power to review a legislation, the court said, "Since the Constitution explicitly provides a self-contained detailed procedure for enactment of legislation, and does not suggest that mere assent of the President to a law, by whatsoever method adopted, would become a valid law, it is necessary that this court being the highest constitutional forum for judicial review is provided with enough space for enforcement and protection of the constitutional scheme." |
The Adhar Judgement was thus pronounced in the following words: "Upon an extensive examination of the matter, we notice that the majority in Puttaswamy case pronounced the nature of the impugned enactment without first delineating the scope of Article 110(1) and principles for interpretation or the repercussions of such process. It is clear to us that the majority dictum in the case did not substantially discuss the effect of the word 'only' in Article 110(1) and offers little guidance on the repercussions of a finding when some of the provisions of an enactment passed as a money bill do not conform to Article 110 (1) (a) to (g)." |
The use of the word 'only' (in context of taxations or expenditure provisions) in the definition of the money bill, according to some Constitutional experts was meant to safeguard the Upper House against the abuse of this provision by the lower house. This special procedure is limited only to Money Bills as against any other bill that cannot be treated as a money bill simply by adding some financial clause. The first speaker of Lok Sabha G V Malvankar, said that if a Bill substantially deals with the imposition of a tax, it should be certified as a Money Bill. |
The Centre argued that there is no scope of judicial scrutiny in matters relating to passage of bills in Parliament. The court rejected this plea. Terming the Centres contention far-fetched, the bench said if such a blanket exemption were to be granted, then it would open floodgates to deviation from any constitutional provision governing the functioning of Parliament and its legislative procedure. At the same time, it said that scope of judicial review in matters such as money bill was "extremely limited" in deference to the speaker's certification. |
On the power to review a legislation, the court said, "Since the Constitution explicitly provides a self-contained detailed procedure for enactment of legislation, and does not suggest that mere assent of the President to a law, by whatsoever method adopted, would become a valid law, it is necessary that this court being the highest constitutional forum for judicial review is provided with enough space for enforcement and protection of the constitutional scheme." |
The Adhar Judgement was thus pronounced in the following words: "Upon an extensive examination of the matter, we notice that the majority in Puttaswamy case pronounced the nature of the impugned enactment without first delineating the scope of Article 110(1) and principles for interpretation or the repercussions of such process. It is clear to us that the majority dictum in the case did not substantially discuss the effect of the word 'only' in Article 110(1) and offers little guidance on the repercussions of a finding when some of the provisions of an enactment passed as a money bill do not conform to Article 110 (1) (a) to (g)." |
The use of the word 'only' (in context of taxations or expenditure provisions) in the definition of the money bill, according to some Constitutional experts was meant to safeguard the Upper House against the abuse of this provision by the lower house. This special procedure is limited only to Money Bills as against any other bill that cannot be treated as a money bill simply by adding some financial clause. The first speaker of Lok Sabha G V Malvankar, said that if a Bill substantially deals with the imposition of a tax, it should be certified as a Money Bill. |
The Centre argued that there is no scope of judicial scrutiny in matters relating to passage of bills in Parliament. The court rejected this plea. Terming the Centres contention far-fetched, the bench said if such a blanket exemption were to be granted, then it would open floodgates to deviation from any constitutional provision governing the functioning of Parliament and its legislative procedure. At the same time, it said that scope of judicial review in matters such as money bill was "extremely limited" in deference to the speaker's certification. |
On the power to review a legislation, the court said, "Since the Constitution explicitly provides a self-contained detailed procedure for enactment of legislation, and does not suggest that mere assent of the President to a law, by whatsoever method adopted, would become a valid law, it is necessary that this court being the highest constitutional forum for judicial review is provided with enough space for enforcement and protection of the constitutional scheme." |
The Adhar Judgement was thus pronounced in the following words: "Upon an extensive examination of the matter, we notice that the majority in Puttaswamy case pronounced the nature of the impugned enactment without first delineating the scope of Article 110(1) and principles for interpretation or the repercussions of such process. It is clear to us that the majority dictum in the case did not substantially discuss the effect of the word 'only' in Article 110(1) and offers little guidance on the repercussions of a finding when some of the provisions of an enactment passed as a money bill do not conform to Article 110 (1) (a) to (g)." |
The use of the word 'only' (in context of taxations or expenditure provisions) in the definition of the money bill, according to some Constitutional experts was meant to safeguard the Upper House against the abuse of this provision by the lower house. This special procedure is limited only to Money Bills as against any other bill that cannot be treated as a money bill simply by adding some financial clause. The first speaker of Lok Sabha G V Malvankar, said that if a Bill substantially deals with the imposition of a tax, it should be certified as a Money Bill. |
The Centre argued that there is no scope of judicial scrutiny in matters relating to passage of bills in Parliament. The court rejected this plea. Terming the Centres contention far-fetched, the bench said if such a blanket exemption were to be granted, then it would open floodgates to deviation from any constitutional provision governing the functioning of Parliament and its legislative procedure. At the same time, it said that scope of judicial review in matters such as money bill was "extremely limited" in deference to the speaker's certification. |
On the power to review a legislation, the court said, "Since the Constitution explicitly provides a self-contained detailed procedure for enactment of legislation, and does not suggest that mere assent of the President to a law, by whatsoever method adopted, would become a valid law, it is necessary that this court being the highest constitutional forum for judicial review is provided with enough space for enforcement and protection of the constitutional scheme." |
The Adhar Judgement was thus pronounced in the following words: "Upon an extensive examination of the matter, we notice that the majority in Puttaswamy case pronounced the nature of the impugned enactment without first delineating the scope of Article 110(1) and principles for interpretation or the repercussions of such process. It is clear to us that the majority dictum in the case did not substantially discuss the effect of the word 'only' in Article 110(1) and offers little guidance on the repercussions of a finding when some of the provisions of an enactment passed as a money bill do not conform to Article 110 (1) (a) to (g)." |
A few States such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Telangana have decided against the implementation of the new rules under the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 ("Amendment Act") (as effective from 1st September, 2019) within their jurisdiction. Certain other States such as Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra have implemented the provisions after dilution of the same and appear to have at least made a beginning towards ensuring of the safety on the roads. It is also evident that the States mentioned herein above which have completely decided against the implementation of the Amendment Act consists of ruling dispensations which appear to be on the opposite spectrum of the party holding fort at the Central Government. This is not however, the first instance of such a difference in opinion and there have been repeated instances of such chasm which appear to be merely based on partisan lines. Such differences more often than not adversely affects the Centre-State relations which have been impeccably covered under the Constitution and concretized by the Supreme Court. However, these actions on the part of such State dispensations have only helped in limiting the benefits for the citizens of this Country. |
It may be mentioned that the Constitution of India (the Constitution), is fairly clear and unequivocal in providing the recognition to States in as much as their domain of legislative authority is concerned. The Constitution among others includes the Legislative Relations between the Centre and the States. The Legislative Relations are mentioned under Article 245 to Article 255 while the Administrative and the Financial Relations are mentioned under Articles 256 to 253 and Articles 264 to 291 of the Constitution respectively. Further, Article 246 deals with the distribution of the legislative powers between the Parliament and the State Legislature, with reference to the different Lists illustrated under the Seventh Schedule. Pursuant to such distribution, the Parliament has the full and exclusive power to legislate on matters in List I (Union list) while the State Legislature is empowered to formulate legislations for such State or part on matters as enumerated in List II (State List). The Parliament, according to Article 245 of the Constitution, is empowered to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India. However, these exclusive powers of the Parliament as well as the State Legislature are subject to the provisions of the Constitution as enumerated therein. It is also manifestly clear that the Constitution envisages a dual polity in relation to the Centre-State relations where they operate within their respective domains. Having said that, the Seventh Schedule also includes a List III which is the Concurrent List. The Concurrent List consists of matters which are neither exclusively of national interest nor of purely State or local concern but are of common interests for the Centre as well as the State. The Parliament and the State Legislature have concurrent powers to legislate on matters in this List. |
While discussing about the significance of List III, the States Re-Organisation Committee, one of the various commissions and committees set up for the Centre-State relation, stated that "It is the Union of India which is the basis of our nationality... States are but limbs of the Union, and while we recognize that they be healthy and strong... it is the strength and stability of the Union and its capacity to develop and evolve that should be governing consideration of all changes in the country." Dr. Shayama Prasad Mookharjee and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar have also put forth arguments in favour of strong Centre in paramount interest of our Country. It may thereby be viewed that the Concurrent List serves as a device to loosen the excessive rigidity of federalist structure. |
A few States such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Telangana have decided against the implementation of the new rules under the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 ("Amendment Act") (as effective from 1st September, 2019) within their jurisdiction. Certain other States such as Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra have implemented the provisions after dilution of the same and appear to have at least made a beginning towards ensuring of the safety on the roads. It is also evident that the States mentioned herein above which have completely decided against the implementation of the Amendment Act consists of ruling dispensations which appear to be on the opposite spectrum of the party holding fort at the Central Government. This is not however, the first instance of such a difference in opinion and there have been repeated instances of such chasm which appear to be merely based on partisan lines. Such differences more often than not adversely affects the Centre-State relations which have been impeccably covered under the Constitution and concretized by the Supreme Court. However, these actions on the part of such State dispensations have only helped in limiting the benefits for the citizens of this Country. |
It may be mentioned that the Constitution of India (the Constitution), is fairly clear and unequivocal in providing the recognition to States in as much as their domain of legislative authority is concerned. The Constitution among others includes the Legislative Relations between the Centre and the States. The Legislative Relations are mentioned under Article 245 to Article 255 while the Administrative and the Financial Relations are mentioned under Articles 256 to 253 and Articles 264 to 291 of the Constitution respectively. Further, Article 246 deals with the distribution of the legislative powers between the Parliament and the State Legislature, with reference to the different Lists illustrated under the Seventh Schedule. Pursuant to such distribution, the Parliament has the full and exclusive power to legislate on matters in List I (Union list) while the State Legislature is empowered to formulate legislations for such State or part on matters as enumerated in List II (State List). The Parliament, according to Article 245 of the Constitution, is empowered to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India. However, these exclusive powers of the Parliament as well as the State Legislature are subject to the provisions of the Constitution as enumerated therein. It is also manifestly clear that the Constitution envisages a dual polity in relation to the Centre-State relations where they operate within their respective domains. Having said that, the Seventh Schedule also includes a List III which is the Concurrent List. The Concurrent List consists of matters which are neither exclusively of national interest nor of purely State or local concern but are of common interests for the Centre as well as the State. The Parliament and the State Legislature have concurrent powers to legislate on matters in this List. |
While discussing about the significance of List III, the States Re-Organisation Committee, one of the various commissions and committees set up for the Centre-State relation, stated that "It is the Union of India which is the basis of our nationality... States are but limbs of the Union, and while we recognize that they be healthy and strong... it is the strength and stability of the Union and its capacity to develop and evolve that should be governing consideration of all changes in the country." Dr. Shayama Prasad Mookharjee and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar have also put forth arguments in favour of strong Centre in paramount interest of our Country. It may thereby be viewed that the Concurrent List serves as a device to loosen the excessive rigidity of federalist structure. |
A few States such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Telangana have decided against the implementation of the new rules under the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 ("Amendment Act") (as effective from 1st September, 2019) within their jurisdiction. Certain other States such as Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra have implemented the provisions after dilution of the same and appear to have at least made a beginning towards ensuring of the safety on the roads. It is also evident that the States mentioned herein above which have completely decided against the implementation of the Amendment Act consists of ruling dispensations which appear to be on the opposite spectrum of the party holding fort at the Central Government. This is not however, the first instance of such a difference in opinion and there have been repeated instances of such chasm which appear to be merely based on partisan lines. Such differences more often than not adversely affects the Centre-State relations which have been impeccably covered under the Constitution and concretized by the Supreme Court. However, these actions on the part of such State dispensations have only helped in limiting the benefits for the citizens of this Country. |
It may be mentioned that the Constitution of India (the Constitution), is fairly clear and unequivocal in providing the recognition to States in as much as their domain of legislative authority is concerned. The Constitution among others includes the Legislative Relations between the Centre and the States. The Legislative Relations are mentioned under Article 245 to Article 255 while the Administrative and the Financial Relations are mentioned under Articles 256 to 253 and Articles 264 to 291 of the Constitution respectively. Further, Article 246 deals with the distribution of the legislative powers between the Parliament and the State Legislature, with reference to the different Lists illustrated under the Seventh Schedule. Pursuant to such distribution, the Parliament has the full and exclusive power to legislate on matters in List I (Union list) while the State Legislature is empowered to formulate legislations for such State or part on matters as enumerated in List II (State List). The Parliament, according to Article 245 of the Constitution, is empowered to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India. However, these exclusive powers of the Parliament as well as the State Legislature are subject to the provisions of the Constitution as enumerated therein. It is also manifestly clear that the Constitution envisages a dual polity in relation to the Centre-State relations where they operate within their respective domains. Having said that, the Seventh Schedule also includes a List III which is the Concurrent List. The Concurrent List consists of matters which are neither exclusively of national interest nor of purely State or local concern but are of common interests for the Centre as well as the State. The Parliament and the State Legislature have concurrent powers to legislate on matters in this List. |
While discussing about the significance of List III, the States Re-Organisation Committee, one of the various commissions and committees set up for the Centre-State relation, stated that "It is the Union of India which is the basis of our nationality... States are but limbs of the Union, and while we recognize that they be healthy and strong... it is the strength and stability of the Union and its capacity to develop and evolve that should be governing consideration of all changes in the country." Dr. Shayama Prasad Mookharjee and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar have also put forth arguments in favour of strong Centre in paramount interest of our Country. It may thereby be viewed that the Concurrent List serves as a device to loosen the excessive rigidity of federalist structure. |
A few States such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Telangana have decided against the implementation of the new rules under the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 ("Amendment Act") (as effective from 1st September, 2019) within their jurisdiction. Certain other States such as Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra have implemented the provisions after dilution of the same and appear to have at least made a beginning towards ensuring of the safety on the roads. It is also evident that the States mentioned herein above which have completely decided against the implementation of the Amendment Act consists of ruling dispensations which appear to be on the opposite spectrum of the party holding fort at the Central Government. This is not however, the first instance of such a difference in opinion and there have been repeated instances of such chasm which appear to be merely based on partisan lines. Such differences more often than not adversely affects the Centre-State relations which have been impeccably covered under the Constitution and concretized by the Supreme Court. However, these actions on the part of such State dispensations have only helped in limiting the benefits for the citizens of this Country. |
It may be mentioned that the Constitution of India (the Constitution), is fairly clear and unequivocal in providing the recognition to States in as much as their domain of legislative authority is concerned. The Constitution among others includes the Legislative Relations between the Centre and the States. The Legislative Relations are mentioned under Article 245 to Article 255 while the Administrative and the Financial Relations are mentioned under Articles 256 to 253 and Articles 264 to 291 of the Constitution respectively. Further, Article 246 deals with the distribution of the legislative powers between the Parliament and the State Legislature, with reference to the different Lists illustrated under the Seventh Schedule. Pursuant to such distribution, the Parliament has the full and exclusive power to legislate on matters in List I (Union list) while the State Legislature is empowered to formulate legislations for such State or part on matters as enumerated in List II (State List). The Parliament, according to Article 245 of the Constitution, is empowered to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India. However, these exclusive powers of the Parliament as well as the State Legislature are subject to the provisions of the Constitution as enumerated therein. It is also manifestly clear that the Constitution envisages a dual polity in relation to the Centre-State relations where they operate within their respective domains. Having said that, the Seventh Schedule also includes a List III which is the Concurrent List. The Concurrent List consists of matters which are neither exclusively of national interest nor of purely State or local concern but are of common interests for the Centre as well as the State. The Parliament and the State Legislature have concurrent powers to legislate on matters in this List. |
While discussing about the significance of List III, the States Re-Organisation Committee, one of the various commissions and committees set up for the Centre-State relation, stated that "It is the Union of India which is the basis of our nationality... States are but limbs of the Union, and while we recognize that they be healthy and strong... it is the strength and stability of the Union and its capacity to develop and evolve that should be governing consideration of all changes in the country." Dr. Shayama Prasad Mookharjee and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar have also put forth arguments in favour of strong Centre in paramount interest of our Country. It may thereby be viewed that the Concurrent List serves as a device to loosen the excessive rigidity of federalist structure. |
A few States such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Telangana have decided against the implementation of the new rules under the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019 ("Amendment Act") (as effective from 1st September, 2019) within their jurisdiction. Certain other States such as Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra have implemented the provisions after dilution of the same and appear to have at least made a beginning towards ensuring of the safety on the roads. It is also evident that the States mentioned herein above which have completely decided against the implementation of the Amendment Act consists of ruling dispensations which appear to be on the opposite spectrum of the party holding fort at the Central Government. This is not however, the first instance of such a difference in opinion and there have been repeated instances of such chasm which appear to be merely based on partisan lines. Such differences more often than not adversely affects the Centre-State relations which have been impeccably covered under the Constitution and concretized by the Supreme Court. However, these actions on the part of such State dispensations have only helped in limiting the benefits for the citizens of this Country. |
It may be mentioned that the Constitution of India (the Constitution), is fairly clear and unequivocal in providing the recognition to States in as much as their domain of legislative authority is concerned. The Constitution among others includes the Legislative Relations between the Centre and the States. The Legislative Relations are mentioned under Article 245 to Article 255 while the Administrative and the Financial Relations are mentioned under Articles 256 to 253 and Articles 264 to 291 of the Constitution respectively. Further, Article 246 deals with the distribution of the legislative powers between the Parliament and the State Legislature, with reference to the different Lists illustrated under the Seventh Schedule. Pursuant to such distribution, the Parliament has the full and exclusive power to legislate on matters in List I (Union list) while the State Legislature is empowered to formulate legislations for such State or part on matters as enumerated in List II (State List). The Parliament, according to Article 245 of the Constitution, is empowered to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India. However, these exclusive powers of the Parliament as well as the State Legislature are subject to the provisions of the Constitution as enumerated therein. It is also manifestly clear that the Constitution envisages a dual polity in relation to the Centre-State relations where they operate within their respective domains. Having said that, the Seventh Schedule also includes a List III which is the Concurrent List. The Concurrent List consists of matters which are neither exclusively of national interest nor of purely State or local concern but are of common interests for the Centre as well as the State. The Parliament and the State Legislature have concurrent powers to legislate on matters in this List. |
While discussing about the significance of List III, the States Re-Organisation Committee, one of the various commissions and committees set up for the Centre-State relation, stated that "It is the Union of India which is the basis of our nationality... States are but limbs of the Union, and while we recognize that they be healthy and strong... it is the strength and stability of the Union and its capacity to develop and evolve that should be governing consideration of all changes in the country." Dr. Shayama Prasad Mookharjee and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar have also put forth arguments in favour of strong Centre in paramount interest of our Country. It may thereby be viewed that the Concurrent List serves as a device to loosen the excessive rigidity of federalist structure. |
Before the Britishers started their administration in India, the bulk of Hindu Law was in the nature of customs based on Vedic tradition. The customs were reflected in the Smritis written from time to time. Muslim Law was based on Quranic injunctions. British period witnessed a lot of change. New ideas were introduced such as establishment of court system, development of procedures, reliance on equity and justice. India was introduced to the western ideas of law during British raj. Regulating Acts and Government of India Acts were passed. Penal Code as well as Procedural Codes were made. Rules regarding evidence to prove the case were also codified. Britishers also established a Law Commission. It was during this period that some major legislations were introduced. On the criminal side, the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1877 were two main legislations. On the civil side, legislations like Contract Act, 1872 and Civil Procedure Code were passed. Indian Telegraph Act, 1885; Caste Disabilities Removal Act 1850; Hindu Gains of Learning Act, 1930; Hindu Inheritance (-Removal of Disabilities) Act, 1928; Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929; Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870; Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act 1856; etc. are some of the examples of reforms made during British period by introducing progressive legislations. The Indian Slavery Act is an outstanding example of legal reform that British brought to Indian legal system. |
Post independence, the reform of law continued in two major ways. One was by way of judicial interpretation. The courts started giving liberal interpretation to the provisions of Constitution that were designed to protect life and liberty of citizens. The courts also acted as a vigilant watch guard and ensured that the Legislature does not encroach upon individual freedoms including the freedom of press. On the other hand the Law Commission of India made recommendation; to bring in. changes in the existing laws by way of amendments. Such changes were considered necessary by the Law Commission to weed out from the legal framework of India unnecessary roadblocks in the progress of the country. The contribution of Law Commission can be seen in the reports that it has submitted from time to time. |
The Law Commission is not a constitutional body, it can merely recommend changes. The government is free to accept or not to accept the changes. |
Before the Britishers started their administration in India, the bulk of Hindu Law was in the nature of customs based on Vedic tradition. The customs were reflected in the Smritis written from time to time. Muslim Law was based on Quranic injunctions. British period witnessed a lot of change. New ideas were introduced such as establishment of court system, development of procedures, reliance on equity and justice. India was introduced to the western ideas of law during British raj. Regulating Acts and Government of India Acts were passed. Penal Code as well as Procedural Codes were made. Rules regarding evidence to prove the case were also codified. Britishers also established a Law Commission. It was during this period that some major legislations were introduced. On the criminal side, the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1877 were two main legislations. On the civil side, legislations like Contract Act, 1872 and Civil Procedure Code were passed. Indian Telegraph Act, 1885; Caste Disabilities Removal Act 1850; Hindu Gains of Learning Act, 1930; Hindu Inheritance (-Removal of Disabilities) Act, 1928; Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929; Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870; Hindu Widows Remarriage Act 1856; etc. are some of the examples of reforms made during British period by introducing progressive legislations. The Indian Slavery Act is an outstanding example of legal reform that British brought to Indian legal system. |
Post independence, the reform of law continued in two major ways. One was by way of judicial interpretation. The courts started giving liberal interpretation to the provisions of Constitution that were designed to protect life and liberty of citizens. The courts also acted as a vigilant watch guard and ensured that the Legislature does not encroach upon individual freedoms including the freedom of press. On the other hand the Law Commission of India made recommendation; to bring in. changes in the existing laws by way of amendments. Such changes were considered necessary by the Law Commission to weed out from the legal framework of India unnecessary roadblocks in the progress of the country. The contribution of Law Commission can be seen in the reports that it has submitted from time to time. |
The Law Commission is not a constitutional body, it can merely recommend changes. The government is free to accept or not to accept the changes. |
Before the Britishers started their administration in India, the bulk of Hindu Law was in the nature of customs based on Vedic tradition. The customs were reflected in the Smritis written from time to time. Muslim Law was based on Quranic injunctions. British period witnessed a lot of change. New ideas were introduced such as establishment of court system, development of procedures, reliance on equity and justice. India was introduced to the western ideas of law during British raj. Regulating Acts and Government of India Acts were passed. Penal Code as well as Procedural Codes were made. Rules regarding evidence to prove the case were also codified. Britishers also established a Law Commission. It was during this period that some major legislations were introduced. On the criminal side, the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1877 were two main legislations. On the civil side, legislations like Contract Act, 1872 and Civil Procedure Code were passed. Indian Telegraph Act, 1885; Caste Disabilities Removal Act 1850; Hindu Gains of Learning Act, 1930; Hindu Inheritance (-Removal of Disabilities) Act, 1928; Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929; Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870; Hindu Widows Remarriage Act 1856; etc. are some of the examples of reforms made during British period by introducing progressive legislations. The Indian Slavery Act is an outstanding example of legal reform that British brought to Indian legal system. |
Post independence, the reform of law continued in two major ways. One was by way of judicial interpretation. The courts started giving liberal interpretation to the provisions of Constitution that were designed to protect life and liberty of citizens. The courts also acted as a vigilant watch guard and ensured that the Legislature does not encroach upon individual freedoms including the freedom of press. On the other hand the Law Commission of India made recommendation; to bring in. changes in the existing laws by way of amendments. Such changes were considered necessary by the Law Commission to weed out from the legal framework of India unnecessary roadblocks in the progress of the country. The contribution of Law Commission can be seen in the reports that it has submitted from time to time. |
The Law Commission is not a constitutional body, it can merely recommend changes. The government is free to accept or not to accept the changes. |
Before the Britishers started their administration in India, the bulk of Hindu Law was in the nature of customs based on Vedic tradition. The customs were reflected in the Smritis written from time to time. Muslim Law was based on Quranic injunctions. British period witnessed a lot of change. New ideas were introduced such as establishment of court system, development of procedures, reliance on equity and justice. India was introduced to the western ideas of law during British raj. Regulating Acts and Government of India Acts were passed. Penal Code as well as Procedural Codes were made. Rules regarding evidence to prove the case were also codified. Britishers also established a Law Commission. It was during this period that some major legislations were introduced. On the criminal side, the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1877 were two main legislations. On the civil side, legislations like Contract Act, 1872 and Civil Procedure Code were passed. Indian Telegraph Act, 1885; Caste Disabilities Removal Act 1850; Hindu Gains of Learning Act, 1930; Hindu Inheritance (-Removal of Disabilities) Act, 1928; Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929; Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870; Hindu Widows Remarriage Act 1856; etc. are some of the examples of reforms made during British period by introducing progressive legislations. The Indian Slavery Act is an outstanding example of legal reform that British brought to Indian legal system. |
Post independence, the reform of law continued in two major ways. One was by way of judicial interpretation. The courts started giving liberal interpretation to the provisions of Constitution that were designed to protect life and liberty of citizens. The courts also acted as a vigilant watch guard and ensured that the Legislature does not encroach upon individual freedoms including the freedom of press. On the other hand the Law Commission of India made recommendation; to bring in. changes in the existing laws by way of amendments. Such changes were considered necessary by the Law Commission to weed out from the legal framework of India unnecessary roadblocks in the progress of the country. The contribution of Law Commission can be seen in the reports that it has submitted from time to time. |
The Law Commission is not a constitutional body, it can merely recommend changes. The government is free to accept or not to accept the changes. |
Before the Britishers started their administration in India, the bulk of Hindu Law was in the nature of customs based on Vedic tradition. The customs were reflected in the Smritis written from time to time. Muslim Law was based on Quranic injunctions. British period witnessed a lot of change. New ideas were introduced such as establishment of court system, development of procedures, reliance on equity and justice. India was introduced to the western ideas of law during British raj. Regulating Acts and Government of India Acts were passed. Penal Code as well as Procedural Codes were made. Rules regarding evidence to prove the case were also codified. Britishers also established a Law Commission. It was during this period that some major legislations were introduced. On the criminal side, the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1877 were two main legislations. On the civil side, legislations like Contract Act, 1872 and Civil Procedure Code were passed. Indian Telegraph Act, 1885; Caste Disabilities Removal Act 1850; Hindu Gains of Learning Act, 1930; Hindu Inheritance (-Removal of Disabilities) Act, 1928; Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929; Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870; Hindu Widows Remarriage Act 1856; etc. are some of the examples of reforms made during British period by introducing progressive legislations. The Indian Slavery Act is an outstanding example of legal reform that British brought to Indian legal system. |
Post independence, the reform of law continued in two major ways. One was by way of judicial interpretation. The courts started giving liberal interpretation to the provisions of Constitution that were designed to protect life and liberty of citizens. The courts also acted as a vigilant watch guard and ensured that the Legislature does not encroach upon individual freedoms including the freedom of press. On the other hand the Law Commission of India made recommendation; to bring in. changes in the existing laws by way of amendments. Such changes were considered necessary by the Law Commission to weed out from the legal framework of India unnecessary roadblocks in the progress of the country. The contribution of Law Commission can be seen in the reports that it has submitted from time to time. |
The Law Commission is not a constitutional body, it can merely recommend changes. The government is free to accept or not to accept the changes. |
Diversity is about bringing together collective knowledge, wisdom and comprehension, born from an array of skills and experiences, in order to ensure a high-profile quality of the decisions to be respected and followed. The benefits of diversity reflect on team-work, productivity and decision-making process of an arbitration tribunal and through the various stages of the arbitration proceedings. |
Having studied law in multiple jurisdictions, I noticed that women have been as numerous as their male counterparts in law schools. In India, where I worked as an Associate in a leading law firm. I noticed that the same was also the case at the Associate level as well. Yet, growth of female lawyers whether it is a Partner at a law firm or General Counsel at a multi-national corporation, is not always the case and this is often referred to as the women's 'glass ceiling'. In 2015, for instance, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre registered less than a quarter of female arbitrator appointments. |
In order to achieve greater diversity, all actors playing a role in the field must act together. With respect to arbitration, not only arbitration institutions but even law firms, arbitrators and bar associations have vital roles to play and take concrete actions to ensure gender diversity while simultaneously benefiting the community. The author in this essay thus delves into the lack of gender diversity as well as regional and ethnic diversity in arbitration tribunals and how it is important for arbitration institutions to play an essential role in maintaining diversity. |
There are several reasons for a lack of diversity amongst members of an arbitration tribunal with no doubt, overt discrimination and unconscious bias being some but not the only factors. A career, which requires long working hours or frequent international travel across the globe may not always turn out to be practical especially for women who have childcare responsibilities. This is a major impediment for women who want to establish a career in international arbitration, which operates across several jurisdictions and hence requires international travel. The author disagrees with the notion that women practitioner are significant minority and hence not often chosen as a member of the arbitration tribunal. |
Furthermore, parties are rightly, looking to appoint senior and experienced arbitrators who have an excellent track record. However owing to the fact that there a fewer women in senior legal roles such as a partner of a law firm for example, the pool of women lawyers available to be appointed as arbitrators is quite small and parties may also have limited access to information about suitable candidates especially because much of the arbitration process is confidential. In such a scenario, it can be very difficult for a female lawyer to break in and be appointed as an arbitrator especially since the same arbitrators often tend to be appointed repeatedly again and again thereby leading to the creation of a small of arbitrators that is mostly male dominated. |
This is also known as 'pipeline leak' and refers to a solid resume that one can build in order to become a successful arbitrator through legal education, experiences etc. |
A diverse arbitration tribunal is in my opinion, an indispensable requirement akin to a diverse judiciary being an indispensable requirement for any democracy. Diversity in an arbitration tribunal not only ensures equity and equality amongst genders but also may improve the quality of decision-making since different perspectives result in better decisions. Lack of diversity may lead to a failure on part of the arbitration tribunal to understand a party's point of view. Gender diversity will also introduce 'fresh blood' on arbitration tribunals and this is necessary in order to widen the pool of arbitrators. Widening the pool of arbitrators in turn will give greater choice to parties to select an arbitrator and also lead to fewer conflicts. |
Diversity is about bringing together collective knowledge, wisdom and comprehension, born from an array of skills and experiences, in order to ensure a high-profile quality of the decisions to be respected and followed. The benefits of diversity reflect on team-work, productivity and decision-making process of an arbitration tribunal and through the various stages of the arbitration proceedings. |
Having studied law in multiple jurisdictions, I noticed that women have been as numerous as their male counterparts in law schools. In India, where I worked as an Associate in a leading law firm. I noticed that the same was also the case at the Associate level as well. Yet, growth of female lawyers whether it is a Partner at a law firm or General Counsel at a multi-national corporation, is not always the case and this is often referred to as the women's 'glass ceiling'. In 2015, for instance, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre registered less than a quarter of female arbitrator appointments. |
In order to achieve greater diversity, all actors playing a role in the field must act together. With respect to arbitration, not only arbitration institutions but even law firms, arbitrators and bar associations have vital roles to play and take concrete actions to ensure gender diversity while simultaneously benefiting the community. The author in this essay thus delves into the lack of gender diversity as well as regional and ethnic diversity in arbitration tribunals and how it is important for arbitration institutions to play an essential role in maintaining diversity. |
There are several reasons for a lack of diversity amongst members of an arbitration tribunal with no doubt, overt discrimination and unconscious bias being some but not the only factors. A career, which requires long working hours or frequent international travel across the globe may not always turn out to be practical especially for women who have childcare responsibilities. This is a major impediment for women who want to establish a career in international arbitration, which operates across several jurisdictions and hence requires international travel. The author disagrees with the notion that women practitioner are significant minority and hence not often chosen as a member of the arbitration tribunal. |
Furthermore, parties are rightly, looking to appoint senior and experienced arbitrators who have an excellent track record. However owing to the fact that there a fewer women in senior legal roles such as a partner of a law firm for example, the pool of women lawyers available to be appointed as arbitrators is quite small and parties may also have limited access to information about suitable candidates especially because much of the arbitration process is confidential. In such a scenario, it can be very difficult for a female lawyer to break in and be appointed as an arbitrator especially since the same arbitrators often tend to be appointed repeatedly again and again thereby leading to the creation of a small of arbitrators that is mostly male dominated. |
This is also known as 'pipeline leak' and refers to a solid resume that one can build in order to become a successful arbitrator through legal education, experiences etc. |
A diverse arbitration tribunal is in my opinion, an indispensable requirement akin to a diverse judiciary being an indispensable requirement for any democracy. Diversity in an arbitration tribunal not only ensures equity and equality amongst genders but also may improve the quality of decision-making since different perspectives result in better decisions. Lack of diversity may lead to a failure on part of the arbitration tribunal to understand a party's point of view. Gender diversity will also introduce 'fresh blood' on arbitration tribunals and this is necessary in order to widen the pool of arbitrators. Widening the pool of arbitrators in turn will give greater choice to parties to select an arbitrator and also lead to fewer conflicts. |
Diversity is about bringing together collective knowledge, wisdom and comprehension, born from an array of skills and experiences, in order to ensure a high-profile quality of the decisions to be respected and followed. The benefits of diversity reflect on team-work, productivity and decision-making process of an arbitration tribunal and through the various stages of the arbitration proceedings. |
Having studied law in multiple jurisdictions, I noticed that women have been as numerous as their male counterparts in law schools. In India, where I worked as an Associate in a leading law firm. I noticed that the same was also the case at the Associate level as well. Yet, growth of female lawyers whether it is a Partner at a law firm or General Counsel at a multi-national corporation, is not always the case and this is often referred to as the women's 'glass ceiling'. In 2015, for instance, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre registered less than a quarter of female arbitrator appointments. |
In order to achieve greater diversity, all actors playing a role in the field must act together. With respect to arbitration, not only arbitration institutions but even law firms, arbitrators and bar associations have vital roles to play and take concrete actions to ensure gender diversity while simultaneously benefiting the community. The author in this essay thus delves into the lack of gender diversity as well as regional and ethnic diversity in arbitration tribunals and how it is important for arbitration institutions to play an essential role in maintaining diversity. |
There are several reasons for a lack of diversity amongst members of an arbitration tribunal with no doubt, overt discrimination and unconscious bias being some but not the only factors. A career, which requires long working hours or frequent international travel across the globe may not always turn out to be practical especially for women who have childcare responsibilities. This is a major impediment for women who want to establish a career in international arbitration, which operates across several jurisdictions and hence requires international travel. The author disagrees with the notion that women practitioner are significant minority and hence not often chosen as a member of the arbitration tribunal. |
Furthermore, parties are rightly, looking to appoint senior and experienced arbitrators who have an excellent track record. However owing to the fact that there a fewer women in senior legal roles such as a partner of a law firm for example, the pool of women lawyers available to be appointed as arbitrators is quite small and parties may also have limited access to information about suitable candidates especially because much of the arbitration process is confidential. In such a scenario, it can be very difficult for a female lawyer to break in and be appointed as an arbitrator especially since the same arbitrators often tend to be appointed repeatedly again and again thereby leading to the creation of a small of arbitrators that is mostly male dominated. |
This is also known as 'pipeline leak' and refers to a solid resume that one can build in order to become a successful arbitrator through legal education, experiences etc. |
A diverse arbitration tribunal is in my opinion, an indispensable requirement akin to a diverse judiciary being an indispensable requirement for any democracy. Diversity in an arbitration tribunal not only ensures equity and equality amongst genders but also may improve the quality of decision-making since different perspectives result in better decisions. Lack of diversity may lead to a failure on part of the arbitration tribunal to understand a party's point of view. Gender diversity will also introduce 'fresh blood' on arbitration tribunals and this is necessary in order to widen the pool of arbitrators. Widening the pool of arbitrators in turn will give greater choice to parties to select an arbitrator and also lead to fewer conflicts. |
Diversity is about bringing together collective knowledge, wisdom and comprehension, born from an array of skills and experiences, in order to ensure a high-profile quality of the decisions to be respected and followed. The benefits of diversity reflect on team-work, productivity and decision-making process of an arbitration tribunal and through the various stages of the arbitration proceedings. |
Having studied law in multiple jurisdictions, I noticed that women have been as numerous as their male counterparts in law schools. In India, where I worked as an Associate in a leading law firm. I noticed that the same was also the case at the Associate level as well. Yet, growth of female lawyers whether it is a Partner at a law firm or General Counsel at a multi-national corporation, is not always the case and this is often referred to as the women's 'glass ceiling'. In 2015, for instance, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre registered less than a quarter of female arbitrator appointments. |
In order to achieve greater diversity, all actors playing a role in the field must act together. With respect to arbitration, not only arbitration institutions but even law firms, arbitrators and bar associations have vital roles to play and take concrete actions to ensure gender diversity while simultaneously benefiting the community. The author in this essay thus delves into the lack of gender diversity as well as regional and ethnic diversity in arbitration tribunals and how it is important for arbitration institutions to play an essential role in maintaining diversity. |
There are several reasons for a lack of diversity amongst members of an arbitration tribunal with no doubt, overt discrimination and unconscious bias being some but not the only factors. A career, which requires long working hours or frequent international travel across the globe may not always turn out to be practical especially for women who have childcare responsibilities. This is a major impediment for women who want to establish a career in international arbitration, which operates across several jurisdictions and hence requires international travel. The author disagrees with the notion that women practitioner are significant minority and hence not often chosen as a member of the arbitration tribunal. |
Furthermore, parties are rightly, looking to appoint senior and experienced arbitrators who have an excellent track record. However owing to the fact that there a fewer women in senior legal roles such as a partner of a law firm for example, the pool of women lawyers available to be appointed as arbitrators is quite small and parties may also have limited access to information about suitable candidates especially because much of the arbitration process is confidential. In such a scenario, it can be very difficult for a female lawyer to break in and be appointed as an arbitrator especially since the same arbitrators often tend to be appointed repeatedly again and again thereby leading to the creation of a small of arbitrators that is mostly male dominated. |
This is also known as 'pipeline leak' and refers to a solid resume that one can build in order to become a successful arbitrator through legal education, experiences etc. |
A diverse arbitration tribunal is in my opinion, an indispensable requirement akin to a diverse judiciary being an indispensable requirement for any democracy. Diversity in an arbitration tribunal not only ensures equity and equality amongst genders but also may improve the quality of decision-making since different perspectives result in better decisions. Lack of diversity may lead to a failure on part of the arbitration tribunal to understand a party's point of view. Gender diversity will also introduce 'fresh blood' on arbitration tribunals and this is necessary in order to widen the pool of arbitrators. Widening the pool of arbitrators in turn will give greater choice to parties to select an arbitrator and also lead to fewer conflicts. |
Diversity is about bringing together collective knowledge, wisdom and comprehension, born from an array of skills and experiences, in order to ensure a high-profile quality of the decisions to be respected and followed. The benefits of diversity reflect on team-work, productivity and decision-making process of an arbitration tribunal and through the various stages of the arbitration proceedings. |
Having studied law in multiple jurisdictions, I noticed that women have been as numerous as their male counterparts in law schools. In India, where I worked as an Associate in a leading law firm. I noticed that the same was also the case at the Associate level as well. Yet, growth of female lawyers whether it is a Partner at a law firm or General Counsel at a multi-national corporation, is not always the case and this is often referred to as the women's 'glass ceiling'. In 2015, for instance, the Singapore International Arbitration Centre registered less than a quarter of female arbitrator appointments. |
In order to achieve greater diversity, all actors playing a role in the field must act together. With respect to arbitration, not only arbitration institutions but even law firms, arbitrators and bar associations have vital roles to play and take concrete actions to ensure gender diversity while simultaneously benefiting the community. The author in this essay thus delves into the lack of gender diversity as well as regional and ethnic diversity in arbitration tribunals and how it is important for arbitration institutions to play an essential role in maintaining diversity. |
There are several reasons for a lack of diversity amongst members of an arbitration tribunal with no doubt, overt discrimination and unconscious bias being some but not the only factors. A career, which requires long working hours or frequent international travel across the globe may not always turn out to be practical especially for women who have childcare responsibilities. This is a major impediment for women who want to establish a career in international arbitration, which operates across several jurisdictions and hence requires international travel. The author disagrees with the notion that women practitioner are significant minority and hence not often chosen as a member of the arbitration tribunal. |
Furthermore, parties are rightly, looking to appoint senior and experienced arbitrators who have an excellent track record. However owing to the fact that there a fewer women in senior legal roles such as a partner of a law firm for example, the pool of women lawyers available to be appointed as arbitrators is quite small and parties may also have limited access to information about suitable candidates especially because much of the arbitration process is confidential. In such a scenario, it can be very difficult for a female lawyer to break in and be appointed as an arbitrator especially since the same arbitrators often tend to be appointed repeatedly again and again thereby leading to the creation of a small of arbitrators that is mostly male dominated. |
This is also known as 'pipeline leak' and refers to a solid resume that one can build in order to become a successful arbitrator through legal education, experiences etc. |
A diverse arbitration tribunal is in my opinion, an indispensable requirement akin to a diverse judiciary being an indispensable requirement for any democracy. Diversity in an arbitration tribunal not only ensures equity and equality amongst genders but also may improve the quality of decision-making since different perspectives result in better decisions. Lack of diversity may lead to a failure on part of the arbitration tribunal to understand a party's point of view. Gender diversity will also introduce 'fresh blood' on arbitration tribunals and this is necessary in order to widen the pool of arbitrators. Widening the pool of arbitrators in turn will give greater choice to parties to select an arbitrator and also lead to fewer conflicts. |
In India, we need an independent and impartial judiciary so that the judges can give the decisions without any fear or pressure from the legislative or the executive organs of the government. So, does that mean that judges can give a decision as it pleases them? No. The decisions given by the judiciary cannot go against the principles enshrined in our Constitution. |
This brings us to a very important concept which is the "basic structure doctrine". The meaning of basic structure is that there are certain underlying principles in the Constitution of India which cannot be done away with by Parliament while exercising its amending power. In 1973, in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, this doctrine was recognised for the first time by the Supreme Court. |
For example, if Parliament decides one fine day that-instead of a democratic form of government-it will establish a dictatorial form of government in India, it cannot do so because the democratic principle is a part of the basic structure of our Constitution; so even if Parliament wants to establish another form of government, it cannot do so. |
Some principles which form the basic structure of our Constitution are: |
1. Democracy |
2. Secularism |
3. Rule of law (Government of law not of men, i.e. no man is above the law) |
The trainers of our Constitution with their farsightedness ensured the independence of the judiciary. Article 50 of our Constitution clearly stipulates the separation of the judiciary from the executive. |
The impartiality and independence of the judiciary has been ensured by the following factors: |
1. The legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. The reason behind this is that party politics may affect the appointments resulting in favouritism. Thus, the decisions of the judges might be influenced externally. To avoid this, the legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. |
2. The Constitution of India prescribes a fixed tenure for the judges and they can only be removed in exceptional circumstances through the process of impeachment. |
3. The conduct of the judges cannot be discussed in Parliament except in case of their removal. |
4. After a judge has been appointed, the privileges that have been given to him cannot be altered in a manner that will be disadvantageous to him. |
5. After retirement, the Supreme Court judge cannot practice in any other court in India. |
6. The High Court judges who have held a permanent office in that High Court cannot plead or act over there after their retirement. They can do so in the Supreme Court or other High Courts. |
In India, we need an independent and impartial judiciary so that the judges can give the decisions without any fear or pressure from the legislative or the executive organs of the government. So, does that mean that judges can give a decision as it pleases them? No. The decisions given by the judiciary cannot go against the principles enshrined in our Constitution. |
This brings us to a very important concept which is the "basic structure doctrine". The meaning of basic structure is that there are certain underlying principles in the Constitution of India which cannot be done away with by Parliament while exercising its amending power. In 1973, in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, this doctrine was recognised for the first time by the Supreme Court. |
For example, if Parliament decides one fine day that-instead of a democratic form of government-it will establish a dictatorial form of government in India, it cannot do so because the democratic principle is a part of the basic structure of our Constitution; so even if Parliament wants to establish another form of government, it cannot do so. |
Some principles which form the basic structure of our Constitution are: |
1. Democracy |
2. Secularism |
3. Rule of law (Government of law not of men, i.e. no man is above the law) |
The trainers of our Constitution with their farsightedness ensured the independence of the judiciary. Article 50 of our Constitution clearly stipulates the separation of the judiciary from the executive. |
The impartiality and independence of the judiciary has been ensured by the following factors: |
1. The legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. The reason behind this is that party politics may affect the appointments resulting in favouritism. Thus, the decisions of the judges might be influenced externally. To avoid this, the legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. |
2. The Constitution of India prescribes a fixed tenure for the judges and they can only be removed in exceptional circumstances through the process of impeachment. |
3. The conduct of the judges cannot be discussed in Parliament except in case of their removal. |
4. After a judge has been appointed, the privileges that have been given to him cannot be altered in a manner that will be disadvantageous to him. |
5. After retirement, the Supreme Court judge cannot practice in any other court in India. |
6. The High Court judges who have held a permanent office in that High Court cannot plead or act over there after their retirement. They can do so in the Supreme Court or other High Courts. |
In India, we need an independent and impartial judiciary so that the judges can give the decisions without any fear or pressure from the legislative or the executive organs of the government. So, does that mean that judges can give a decision as it pleases them? No. The decisions given by the judiciary cannot go against the principles enshrined in our Constitution. |
This brings us to a very important concept which is the "basic structure doctrine". The meaning of basic structure is that there are certain underlying principles in the Constitution of India which cannot be done away with by Parliament while exercising its amending power. In 1973, in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, this doctrine was recognised for the first time by the Supreme Court. |
For example, if Parliament decides one fine day that-instead of a democratic form of government-it will establish a dictatorial form of government in India, it cannot do so because the democratic principle is a part of the basic structure of our Constitution; so even if Parliament wants to establish another form of government, it cannot do so. |
Some principles which form the basic structure of our Constitution are: |
1. Democracy |
2. Secularism |
3. Rule of law (Government of law not of men, i.e. no man is above the law) |
The trainers of our Constitution with their farsightedness ensured the independence of the judiciary. Article 50 of our Constitution clearly stipulates the separation of the judiciary from the executive. |
The impartiality and independence of the judiciary has been ensured by the following factors: |
1. The legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. The reason behind this is that party politics may affect the appointments resulting in favouritism. Thus, the decisions of the judges might be influenced externally. To avoid this, the legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. |
2. The Constitution of India prescribes a fixed tenure for the judges and they can only be removed in exceptional circumstances through the process of impeachment. |
3. The conduct of the judges cannot be discussed in Parliament except in case of their removal. |
4. After a judge has been appointed, the privileges that have been given to him cannot be altered in a manner that will be disadvantageous to him. |
5. After retirement, the Supreme Court judge cannot practice in any other court in India. |
6. The High Court judges who have held a permanent office in that High Court cannot plead or act over there after their retirement. They can do so in the Supreme Court or other High Courts. |
In India, we need an independent and impartial judiciary so that the judges can give the decisions without any fear or pressure from the legislative or the executive organs of the government. So, does that mean that judges can give a decision as it pleases them? No. The decisions given by the judiciary cannot go against the principles enshrined in our Constitution. |
This brings us to a very important concept which is the "basic structure doctrine". The meaning of basic structure is that there are certain underlying principles in the Constitution of India which cannot be done away with by Parliament while exercising its amending power. In 1973, in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, this doctrine was recognised for the first time by the Supreme Court. |
For example, if Parliament decides one fine day that-instead of a democratic form of government-it will establish a dictatorial form of government in India, it cannot do so because the democratic principle is a part of the basic structure of our Constitution; so even if Parliament wants to establish another form of government, it cannot do so. |
Some principles which form the basic structure of our Constitution are: |
1. Democracy |
2. Secularism |
3. Rule of law (Government of law not of men, i.e. no man is above the law) |
The trainers of our Constitution with their farsightedness ensured the independence of the judiciary. Article 50 of our Constitution clearly stipulates the separation of the judiciary from the executive. |
The impartiality and independence of the judiciary has been ensured by the following factors: |
1. The legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. The reason behind this is that party politics may affect the appointments resulting in favouritism. Thus, the decisions of the judges might be influenced externally. To avoid this, the legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. |
2. The Constitution of India prescribes a fixed tenure for the judges and they can only be removed in exceptional circumstances through the process of impeachment. |
3. The conduct of the judges cannot be discussed in Parliament except in case of their removal. |
4. After a judge has been appointed, the privileges that have been given to him cannot be altered in a manner that will be disadvantageous to him. |
5. After retirement, the Supreme Court judge cannot practice in any other court in India. |
6. The High Court judges who have held a permanent office in that High Court cannot plead or act over there after their retirement. They can do so in the Supreme Court or other High Courts. |
In India, we need an independent and impartial judiciary so that the judges can give the decisions without any fear or pressure from the legislative or the executive organs of the government. So, does that mean that judges can give a decision as it pleases them? No. The decisions given by the judiciary cannot go against the principles enshrined in our Constitution. |
This brings us to a very important concept which is the "basic structure doctrine". The meaning of basic structure is that there are certain underlying principles in the Constitution of India which cannot be done away with by Parliament while exercising its amending power. In 1973, in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, this doctrine was recognised for the first time by the Supreme Court. |
For example, if Parliament decides one fine day that-instead of a democratic form of government-it will establish a dictatorial form of government in India, it cannot do so because the democratic principle is a part of the basic structure of our Constitution; so even if Parliament wants to establish another form of government, it cannot do so. |
Some principles which form the basic structure of our Constitution are: |
1. Democracy |
2. Secularism |
3. Rule of law (Government of law not of men, i.e. no man is above the law) |
The trainers of our Constitution with their farsightedness ensured the independence of the judiciary. Article 50 of our Constitution clearly stipulates the separation of the judiciary from the executive. |
The impartiality and independence of the judiciary has been ensured by the following factors: |
1. The legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. The reason behind this is that party politics may affect the appointments resulting in favouritism. Thus, the decisions of the judges might be influenced externally. To avoid this, the legislature is not involved in the appointment of judges. |
2. The Constitution of India prescribes a fixed tenure for the judges and they can only be removed in exceptional circumstances through the process of impeachment. |
3. The conduct of the judges cannot be discussed in Parliament except in case of their removal. |
4. After a judge has been appointed, the privileges that have been given to him cannot be altered in a manner that will be disadvantageous to him. |
5. After retirement, the Supreme Court judge cannot practice in any other court in India. |
6. The High Court judges who have held a permanent office in that High Court cannot plead or act over there after their retirement. They can do so in the Supreme Court or other High Courts. |
Taiwan, the Republic of China, was a founding member of the International Civil Aviation Organization, but was excluded from ICAO following its withdrawal from the United Nations in 1971. The government and 23 million people of Taiwan have since been unable to participate in ICAO meetings, activities, and mechanisms; safeguard our civil aviation development rights and welfare; and contribute to ICAO. Although the Chicago Convention, 1944 does not contain a specific membership clause, Articles 91-93b is are predicted on the principle that only sovereign States may adhere, or be admitted and thereby become a member of the ICAO. |
Being a full-fledged democracy, Taiwan is not, and never was, part of the People's Republic of China. However, for almost half a century, Taiwan has been excluded from the United Nations and ICAO due to the People's Republic of China's one-China policy and its claim of Taiwan being part of one China. |
According to Lin Chia-lung, Minister for Transportation and Communications, Republic of China (Taiwan), "The Taipei Flight Information Region (Taipei FIR), for which Taiwan is responsible, manages large air traffic volumes in East Asia and provided services to over 1.75 million controlled flights in 2018, a 5.8 percent increase over 2017. As of the end of 2018, Taiwan's 17 airports served more than 68.9 million passengers. Some 92 airlines offered services to and from Taiwan, operating passenger and cargo flights on 313 routes connecting 149 cities around the world. Taiwan is an active stakeholder in the international civil aviation community, and the Taipei FIR is an inseparable part of the global network of FIRs. Given technical, professional, and pragmatic considerations, Taiwan urgently needs to establish direct communication channels with ICAO and obtain the most up-to-date rules and regulations, so that the safe air transport of passengers and cargo can be ensured." |
Moreover as per Taiwanese government sources, Taiwan signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas. According to the International Air Transport Association, China Airlines and EVA Airways-Taiwans two largest airlines-ranked 28th and 37th worldwide in terms of international passenger volumes, and 6th and 19th in terms of international cargo volumes in 2018. As of December 2018, there were 8 civil aviation operators and 10 general aviation operators in Taiwan, with a total of 273 airworthy civilian aircraft. In addition, there were 5 airport ground handling services providers, 5 catering services providers, 1,280 air freight forwarders, 6 air cargo entrepots, 25 certified aircraft repair and maintenance companies, 2 flight training institutes and 3 aircraft maintenance training institutes. |
An amendment to the Chicago Convention to permit membership of Taiwan would be theoretically possible under Article 94 of the Chicago Convention. However such an amendment could not enter into force unless ratified by two-thirds of all members as stated in Article 94(a) i.e. 128 out of 191 member States. Therefore, a possible solution is to be invited by ICAO as an observer to attend its meetings, which is reflected in its own 'Standing Rules of Procedure of the Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization' (ICAO Doc 7600/2008). Rule 5 of these rules allow non-contracting States and international organizations duly invited by the ICAO Council or by the ICAO Assembly itself to attend a session of the Assembly by being represented by an observer. |
Further as per Rule 25, observers may participate without a vote in the deliberations of the Assembly, its commissions and sub-commissions when their meetings are not held in private. In case of meetings of bodies of limited membership, observers may also attend and participate without a vote in the meetings of such a body if invited by that body or by the officer by whom the members of that body were originally appointed. With respect to private meetings, individual observers may be invited by the body concerned to attend and be heard. |
The United Nations should in fact consider Taiwan for all purposes not to be a part of the Peoples Republic of China meaning that it would be a non-contracting State thereby being eligible to be considered for being accorded with the observer status. A ground to support this line of argument as also stated aforesaid is that. Taiwan has signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas including the United States of America, Japan, as well as the Peoples Republic of China. The respective governments of these 57 countries have signed Air Services Agreements with Taiwan, which categorically refers to the "Signing of Air Services Agreement between that particular country and Taiwan" implying that Taiwan is being referred to as a separate state. |
Taiwan, the Republic of China, was a founding member of the International Civil Aviation Organization, but was excluded from ICAO following its withdrawal from the United Nations in 1971. The government and 23 million people of Taiwan have since been unable to participate in ICAO meetings, activities, and mechanisms; safeguard our civil aviation development rights and welfare; and contribute to ICAO. Although the Chicago Convention, 1944 does not contain a specific membership clause, Articles 91-93b is are predicted on the principle that only sovereign States may adhere, or be admitted and thereby become a member of the ICAO. |
Being a full-fledged democracy, Taiwan is not, and never was, part of the People's Republic of China. However, for almost half a century, Taiwan has been excluded from the United Nations and ICAO due to the People's Republic of China's one-China policy and its claim of Taiwan being part of one China. |
According to Lin Chia-lung, Minister for Transportation and Communications, Republic of China (Taiwan), "The Taipei Flight Information Region (Taipei FIR), for which Taiwan is responsible, manages large air traffic volumes in East Asia and provided services to over 1.75 million controlled flights in 2018, a 5.8 percent increase over 2017. As of the end of 2018, Taiwan's 17 airports served more than 68.9 million passengers. Some 92 airlines offered services to and from Taiwan, operating passenger and cargo flights on 313 routes connecting 149 cities around the world. Taiwan is an active stakeholder in the international civil aviation community, and the Taipei FIR is an inseparable part of the global network of FIRs. Given technical, professional, and pragmatic considerations, Taiwan urgently needs to establish direct communication channels with ICAO and obtain the most up-to-date rules and regulations, so that the safe air transport of passengers and cargo can be ensured." |
Moreover as per Taiwanese government sources, Taiwan signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas. According to the International Air Transport Association, China Airlines and EVA Airways-Taiwans two largest airlines-ranked 28th and 37th worldwide in terms of international passenger volumes, and 6th and 19th in terms of international cargo volumes in 2018. As of December 2018, there were 8 civil aviation operators and 10 general aviation operators in Taiwan, with a total of 273 airworthy civilian aircraft. In addition, there were 5 airport ground handling services providers, 5 catering services providers, 1,280 air freight forwarders, 6 air cargo entrepots, 25 certified aircraft repair and maintenance companies, 2 flight training institutes and 3 aircraft maintenance training institutes. |
An amendment to the Chicago Convention to permit membership of Taiwan would be theoretically possible under Article 94 of the Chicago Convention. However such an amendment could not enter into force unless ratified by two-thirds of all members as stated in Article 94(a) i.e. 128 out of 191 member States. Therefore, a possible solution is to be invited by ICAO as an observer to attend its meetings, which is reflected in its own 'Standing Rules of Procedure of the Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization' (ICAO Doc 7600/2008). Rule 5 of these rules allow non-contracting States and international organizations duly invited by the ICAO Council or by the ICAO Assembly itself to attend a session of the Assembly by being represented by an observer. |
Further as per Rule 25, observers may participate without a vote in the deliberations of the Assembly, its commissions and sub-commissions when their meetings are not held in private. In case of meetings of bodies of limited membership, observers may also attend and participate without a vote in the meetings of such a body if invited by that body or by the officer by whom the members of that body were originally appointed. With respect to private meetings, individual observers may be invited by the body concerned to attend and be heard. |
The United Nations should in fact consider Taiwan for all purposes not to be a part of the Peoples Republic of China meaning that it would be a non-contracting State thereby being eligible to be considered for being accorded with the observer status. A ground to support this line of argument as also stated aforesaid is that. Taiwan has signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas including the United States of America, Japan, as well as the Peoples Republic of China. The respective governments of these 57 countries have signed Air Services Agreements with Taiwan, which categorically refers to the "Signing of Air Services Agreement between that particular country and Taiwan" implying that Taiwan is being referred to as a separate state. |
Taiwan, the Republic of China, was a founding member of the International Civil Aviation Organization, but was excluded from ICAO following its withdrawal from the United Nations in 1971. The government and 23 million people of Taiwan have since been unable to participate in ICAO meetings, activities, and mechanisms; safeguard our civil aviation development rights and welfare; and contribute to ICAO. Although the Chicago Convention, 1944 does not contain a specific membership clause, Articles 91-93b is are predicted on the principle that only sovereign States may adhere, or be admitted and thereby become a member of the ICAO. |
Being a full-fledged democracy, Taiwan is not, and never was, part of the People's Republic of China. However, for almost half a century, Taiwan has been excluded from the United Nations and ICAO due to the People's Republic of China's one-China policy and its claim of Taiwan being part of one China. |
According to Lin Chia-lung, Minister for Transportation and Communications, Republic of China (Taiwan), "The Taipei Flight Information Region (Taipei FIR), for which Taiwan is responsible, manages large air traffic volumes in East Asia and provided services to over 1.75 million controlled flights in 2018, a 5.8 percent increase over 2017. As of the end of 2018, Taiwan's 17 airports served more than 68.9 million passengers. Some 92 airlines offered services to and from Taiwan, operating passenger and cargo flights on 313 routes connecting 149 cities around the world. Taiwan is an active stakeholder in the international civil aviation community, and the Taipei FIR is an inseparable part of the global network of FIRs. Given technical, professional, and pragmatic considerations, Taiwan urgently needs to establish direct communication channels with ICAO and obtain the most up-to-date rules and regulations, so that the safe air transport of passengers and cargo can be ensured." |
Moreover as per Taiwanese government sources, Taiwan signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas. According to the International Air Transport Association, China Airlines and EVA Airways-Taiwans two largest airlines-ranked 28th and 37th worldwide in terms of international passenger volumes, and 6th and 19th in terms of international cargo volumes in 2018. As of December 2018, there were 8 civil aviation operators and 10 general aviation operators in Taiwan, with a total of 273 airworthy civilian aircraft. In addition, there were 5 airport ground handling services providers, 5 catering services providers, 1,280 air freight forwarders, 6 air cargo entrepots, 25 certified aircraft repair and maintenance companies, 2 flight training institutes and 3 aircraft maintenance training institutes. |
An amendment to the Chicago Convention to permit membership of Taiwan would be theoretically possible under Article 94 of the Chicago Convention. However such an amendment could not enter into force unless ratified by two-thirds of all members as stated in Article 94(a) i.e. 128 out of 191 member States. Therefore, a possible solution is to be invited by ICAO as an observer to attend its meetings, which is reflected in its own 'Standing Rules of Procedure of the Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization' (ICAO Doc 7600/2008). Rule 5 of these rules allow non-contracting States and international organizations duly invited by the ICAO Council or by the ICAO Assembly itself to attend a session of the Assembly by being represented by an observer. |
Further as per Rule 25, observers may participate without a vote in the deliberations of the Assembly, its commissions and sub-commissions when their meetings are not held in private. In case of meetings of bodies of limited membership, observers may also attend and participate without a vote in the meetings of such a body if invited by that body or by the officer by whom the members of that body were originally appointed. With respect to private meetings, individual observers may be invited by the body concerned to attend and be heard. |
The United Nations should in fact consider Taiwan for all purposes not to be a part of the Peoples Republic of China meaning that it would be a non-contracting State thereby being eligible to be considered for being accorded with the observer status. A ground to support this line of argument as also stated aforesaid is that. Taiwan has signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas including the United States of America, Japan, as well as the Peoples Republic of China. The respective governments of these 57 countries have signed Air Services Agreements with Taiwan, which categorically refers to the "Signing of Air Services Agreement between that particular country and Taiwan" implying that Taiwan is being referred to as a separate state. |
Taiwan, the Republic of China, was a founding member of the International Civil Aviation Organization, but was excluded from ICAO following its withdrawal from the United Nations in 1971. The government and 23 million people of Taiwan have since been unable to participate in ICAO meetings, activities, and mechanisms; safeguard our civil aviation development rights and welfare; and contribute to ICAO. Although the Chicago Convention, 1944 does not contain a specific membership clause, Articles 91-93b is are predicted on the principle that only sovereign States may adhere, or be admitted and thereby become a member of the ICAO. |
Being a full-fledged democracy, Taiwan is not, and never was, part of the People's Republic of China. However, for almost half a century, Taiwan has been excluded from the United Nations and ICAO due to the People's Republic of China's one-China policy and its claim of Taiwan being part of one China. |
According to Lin Chia-lung, Minister for Transportation and Communications, Republic of China (Taiwan), "The Taipei Flight Information Region (Taipei FIR), for which Taiwan is responsible, manages large air traffic volumes in East Asia and provided services to over 1.75 million controlled flights in 2018, a 5.8 percent increase over 2017. As of the end of 2018, Taiwan's 17 airports served more than 68.9 million passengers. Some 92 airlines offered services to and from Taiwan, operating passenger and cargo flights on 313 routes connecting 149 cities around the world. Taiwan is an active stakeholder in the international civil aviation community, and the Taipei FIR is an inseparable part of the global network of FIRs. Given technical, professional, and pragmatic considerations, Taiwan urgently needs to establish direct communication channels with ICAO and obtain the most up-to-date rules and regulations, so that the safe air transport of passengers and cargo can be ensured." |
Moreover as per Taiwanese government sources, Taiwan signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas. According to the International Air Transport Association, China Airlines and EVA Airways-Taiwans two largest airlines-ranked 28th and 37th worldwide in terms of international passenger volumes, and 6th and 19th in terms of international cargo volumes in 2018. As of December 2018, there were 8 civil aviation operators and 10 general aviation operators in Taiwan, with a total of 273 airworthy civilian aircraft. In addition, there were 5 airport ground handling services providers, 5 catering services providers, 1,280 air freight forwarders, 6 air cargo entrepots, 25 certified aircraft repair and maintenance companies, 2 flight training institutes and 3 aircraft maintenance training institutes. |
An amendment to the Chicago Convention to permit membership of Taiwan would be theoretically possible under Article 94 of the Chicago Convention. However such an amendment could not enter into force unless ratified by two-thirds of all members as stated in Article 94(a) i.e. 128 out of 191 member States. Therefore, a possible solution is to be invited by ICAO as an observer to attend its meetings, which is reflected in its own 'Standing Rules of Procedure of the Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization' (ICAO Doc 7600/2008). Rule 5 of these rules allow non-contracting States and international organizations duly invited by the ICAO Council or by the ICAO Assembly itself to attend a session of the Assembly by being represented by an observer. |
Further as per Rule 25, observers may participate without a vote in the deliberations of the Assembly, its commissions and sub-commissions when their meetings are not held in private. In case of meetings of bodies of limited membership, observers may also attend and participate without a vote in the meetings of such a body if invited by that body or by the officer by whom the members of that body were originally appointed. With respect to private meetings, individual observers may be invited by the body concerned to attend and be heard. |
The United Nations should in fact consider Taiwan for all purposes not to be a part of the Peoples Republic of China meaning that it would be a non-contracting State thereby being eligible to be considered for being accorded with the observer status. A ground to support this line of argument as also stated aforesaid is that. Taiwan has signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas including the United States of America, Japan, as well as the Peoples Republic of China. The respective governments of these 57 countries have signed Air Services Agreements with Taiwan, which categorically refers to the "Signing of Air Services Agreement between that particular country and Taiwan" implying that Taiwan is being referred to as a separate state. |
Taiwan, the Republic of China, was a founding member of the International Civil Aviation Organization, but was excluded from ICAO following its withdrawal from the United Nations in 1971. The government and 23 million people of Taiwan have since been unable to participate in ICAO meetings, activities, and mechanisms; safeguard our civil aviation development rights and welfare; and contribute to ICAO. Although the Chicago Convention, 1944 does not contain a specific membership clause, Articles 91-93b is are predicted on the principle that only sovereign States may adhere, or be admitted and thereby become a member of the ICAO. |
Being a full-fledged democracy, Taiwan is not, and never was, part of the People's Republic of China. However, for almost half a century, Taiwan has been excluded from the United Nations and ICAO due to the People's Republic of China's one-China policy and its claim of Taiwan being part of one China. |
According to Lin Chia-lung, Minister for Transportation and Communications, Republic of China (Taiwan), "The Taipei Flight Information Region (Taipei FIR), for which Taiwan is responsible, manages large air traffic volumes in East Asia and provided services to over 1.75 million controlled flights in 2018, a 5.8 percent increase over 2017. As of the end of 2018, Taiwan's 17 airports served more than 68.9 million passengers. Some 92 airlines offered services to and from Taiwan, operating passenger and cargo flights on 313 routes connecting 149 cities around the world. Taiwan is an active stakeholder in the international civil aviation community, and the Taipei FIR is an inseparable part of the global network of FIRs. Given technical, professional, and pragmatic considerations, Taiwan urgently needs to establish direct communication channels with ICAO and obtain the most up-to-date rules and regulations, so that the safe air transport of passengers and cargo can be ensured." |
Moreover as per Taiwanese government sources, Taiwan signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas. According to the International Air Transport Association, China Airlines and EVA Airways-Taiwans two largest airlines-ranked 28th and 37th worldwide in terms of international passenger volumes, and 6th and 19th in terms of international cargo volumes in 2018. As of December 2018, there were 8 civil aviation operators and 10 general aviation operators in Taiwan, with a total of 273 airworthy civilian aircraft. In addition, there were 5 airport ground handling services providers, 5 catering services providers, 1,280 air freight forwarders, 6 air cargo entrepots, 25 certified aircraft repair and maintenance companies, 2 flight training institutes and 3 aircraft maintenance training institutes. |
An amendment to the Chicago Convention to permit membership of Taiwan would be theoretically possible under Article 94 of the Chicago Convention. However such an amendment could not enter into force unless ratified by two-thirds of all members as stated in Article 94(a) i.e. 128 out of 191 member States. Therefore, a possible solution is to be invited by ICAO as an observer to attend its meetings, which is reflected in its own 'Standing Rules of Procedure of the Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization' (ICAO Doc 7600/2008). Rule 5 of these rules allow non-contracting States and international organizations duly invited by the ICAO Council or by the ICAO Assembly itself to attend a session of the Assembly by being represented by an observer. |
Further as per Rule 25, observers may participate without a vote in the deliberations of the Assembly, its commissions and sub-commissions when their meetings are not held in private. In case of meetings of bodies of limited membership, observers may also attend and participate without a vote in the meetings of such a body if invited by that body or by the officer by whom the members of that body were originally appointed. With respect to private meetings, individual observers may be invited by the body concerned to attend and be heard. |
The United Nations should in fact consider Taiwan for all purposes not to be a part of the Peoples Republic of China meaning that it would be a non-contracting State thereby being eligible to be considered for being accorded with the observer status. A ground to support this line of argument as also stated aforesaid is that. Taiwan has signed air services agreements with 57 countries or areas including the United States of America, Japan, as well as the Peoples Republic of China. The respective governments of these 57 countries have signed Air Services Agreements with Taiwan, which categorically refers to the "Signing of Air Services Agreement between that particular country and Taiwan" implying that Taiwan is being referred to as a separate state. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The term "Industrial relations" was emerged in the mid-20th century to describe the involvement between industrial workers and industry owners. As employment diversified into non-industrial work, the broader term 'employment relations' began to be used to describe the functional interactions between workers and employers. The nobles functioning like 'lords and masters' hired their most loyal servants as 'bailiffs' to manage and suppress the rest of the workers. This was the origin of the 'feudal' system under which nobility not only determined wages, but also the taxes for the right to rent and cultivate the land to the government. In an economy that is part capitalist and part socialist, the power dynamic between the workforce, management and business owners is based on the fact that these entities are differently motivated, which impacts who exercises the authority to allocate, organize, manage and compensate the work in the organization. Balancing the needs of the labor force with that of the organization is the challenge that human resources managers deal with on an ongoing basis. Thus, the modem business administration has the combination of all these aspects in it with the requirement of dynamic leadership quality. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The term "Industrial relations" was emerged in the mid-20th century to describe the involvement between industrial workers and industry owners. As employment diversified into non-industrial work, the broader term 'employment relations' began to be used to describe the functional interactions between workers and employers. The nobles functioning like 'lords and masters' hired their most loyal servants as 'bailiffs' to manage and suppress the rest of the workers. This was the origin of the 'feudal' system under which nobility not only determined wages, but also the taxes for the right to rent and cultivate the land to the government. In an economy that is part capitalist and part socialist, the power dynamic between the workforce, management and business owners is based on the fact that these entities are differently motivated, which impacts who exercises the authority to allocate, organize, manage and compensate the work in the organization. Balancing the needs of the labor force with that of the organization is the challenge that human resources managers deal with on an ongoing basis. Thus, the modem business administration has the combination of all these aspects in it with the requirement of dynamic leadership quality. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The term "Industrial relations" was emerged in the mid-20th century to describe the involvement between industrial workers and industry owners. As employment diversified into non-industrial work, the broader term 'employment relations' began to be used to describe the functional interactions between workers and employers. The nobles functioning like 'lords and masters' hired their most loyal servants as 'bailiffs' to manage and suppress the rest of the workers. This was the origin of the 'feudal' system under which nobility not only determined wages, but also the taxes for the right to rent and cultivate the land to the government. In an economy that is part capitalist and part socialist, the power dynamic between the workforce, management and business owners is based on the fact that these entities are differently motivated, which impacts who exercises the authority to allocate, organize, manage and compensate the work in the organization. Balancing the needs of the labor force with that of the organization is the challenge that human resources managers deal with on an ongoing basis. Thus, the modem business administration has the combination of all these aspects in it with the requirement of dynamic leadership quality. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The term "Industrial relations" was emerged in the mid-20th century to describe the involvement between industrial workers and industry owners. As employment diversified into non-industrial work, the broader term 'employment relations' began to be used to describe the functional interactions between workers and employers. The nobles functioning like 'lords and masters' hired their most loyal servants as 'bailiffs' to manage and suppress the rest of the workers. This was the origin of the 'feudal' system under which nobility not only determined wages, but also the taxes for the right to rent and cultivate the land to the government. In an economy that is part capitalist and part socialist, the power dynamic between the workforce, management and business owners is based on the fact that these entities are differently motivated, which impacts who exercises the authority to allocate, organize, manage and compensate the work in the organization. Balancing the needs of the labor force with that of the organization is the challenge that human resources managers deal with on an ongoing basis. Thus, the modem business administration has the combination of all these aspects in it with the requirement of dynamic leadership quality. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The term "Industrial relations" was emerged in the mid-20th century to describe the involvement between industrial workers and industry owners. As employment diversified into non-industrial work, the broader term 'employment relations' began to be used to describe the functional interactions between workers and employers. The nobles functioning like 'lords and masters' hired their most loyal servants as 'bailiffs' to manage and suppress the rest of the workers. This was the origin of the 'feudal' system under which nobility not only determined wages, but also the taxes for the right to rent and cultivate the land to the government. In an economy that is part capitalist and part socialist, the power dynamic between the workforce, management and business owners is based on the fact that these entities are differently motivated, which impacts who exercises the authority to allocate, organize, manage and compensate the work in the organization. Balancing the needs of the labor force with that of the organization is the challenge that human resources managers deal with on an ongoing basis. Thus, the modem business administration has the combination of all these aspects in it with the requirement of dynamic leadership quality. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The most common problem faced by the business environment by their business role, or management interest is managing the workforce diversity in an organization. It is seen that most of the organization constitutes a variety of people belonging to the different country having different culture as well as religion. Hence, diverse people in the working place possess different perspective regarding to their work. Thus the management faces difficulty in handling these diverse workforces in their working atmosphere and therefore it is considered as one of the major issues that occur in the business environment. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The most common problem faced by the business environment by their business role, or management interest is managing the workforce diversity in an organization. It is seen that most of the organization constitutes a variety of people belonging to the different country having different culture as well as religion. Hence, diverse people in the working place possess different perspective regarding to their work. Thus the management faces difficulty in handling these diverse workforces in their working atmosphere and therefore it is considered as one of the major issues that occur in the business environment. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
An attribution is an unplanned clarification for a behavior or an event. An example to explain attribution can be taken as; a nurse spots a co-worker executing a process wrongly on a patient. So, the nurse is most likely to try to develop an attribution clarification for this behavior. This could result to the co-worker being poorly trained which means that the observer is attributing the behavior to insufficient skills. Research shows that implementation of unplanned attributions, is important for the adaptation of the changing environments and to overcome the encounters we are challenged within our everyday lives. |
1. It creates a sense of clarification of behaviors |
2. It is not helpful for adaptation of changes |
3. A planned attribution becomes a set of guidance |
Direction: Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
An attribution is an unplanned clarification for a behavior or an event. An example to explain attribution can be taken as; a nurse spots a co-worker executing a process wrongly on a patient. So, the nurse is most likely to try to develop an attribution clarification for this behavior. This could result to the co-worker being poorly trained which means that the observer is attributing the behavior to insufficient skills. Research shows that implementation of unplanned attributions, is important for the adaptation of the changing environments and to overcome the encounters we are challenged within our everyday lives. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
In my opinion, education is supposed to give students a foundation to become productive members of society. Therefore, reinforcing ideas of diversity and openness is essential, from even the lowest grade levels. I think that on the surface, we can perceive our society as very diverse. We are constantly meeting and interacting with people of different races, ethnicities, cultures, and religions. However, I think that diversity should go beyond the surface level of just interacting with someone of a different culture. For society to truly be diverse, I think that a level of understanding is needed of other cultures, ethnicities and groups of people. Schools can say that they have a diverse population of students; however I believe that if the students do not know anything about the culture of their peers, then they are not as diverse as they think. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
In my opinion, education is supposed to give students a foundation to become productive members of society. Therefore, reinforcing ideas of diversity and openness is essential, from even the lowest grade levels. I think that on the surface, we can perceive our society as very diverse. We are constantly meeting and interacting with people of different races, ethnicities, cultures, and religions. However, I think that diversity should go beyond the surface level of just interacting with someone of a different culture. For society to truly be diverse, I think that a level of understanding is needed of other cultures, ethnicities and groups of people. Schools can say that they have a diverse population of students; however I believe that if the students do not know anything about the culture of their peers, then they are not as diverse as they think. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
In my opinion, education is supposed to give students a foundation to become productive members of society. Therefore, reinforcing ideas of diversity and openness is essential, from even the lowest grade levels. I think that on the surface, we can perceive our society as very diverse. We are constantly meeting and interacting with people of different races, ethnicities, cultures, and religions. However, I think that diversity should go beyond the surface level of just interacting with someone of a different culture. For society to truly be diverse, I think that a level of understanding is needed of other cultures, ethnicities and groups of people. Schools can say that they have a diverse population of students; however I believe that if the students do not know anything about the culture of their peers, then they are not as diverse as they think. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
Transgender and LGBTQ children face oppression from houses, institutions, schools, friends, peers, and family. Thus, it is increasing their vulnerability to serious mental health issues as well as an increase in the amount of self-hatred that these children feel. In our highly hetero-normative and gender binary society, continuing with these ideas makes these youth susceptible to many stressors and makes it very hard for them to fit in. All of this leads them to living lives with more stress and higher rates of depression, drug and alcohol abuse, bullying, and suicide. If we could learn to accept one another we could be saving these youth a lifetime of pain and oppression. Breaking from our gender binary and hetero-norms is a start as well as acceptance of people who differ from these norms. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
Transgender and LGBTQ children face oppression from houses, institutions, schools, friends, peers, and family. Thus, it is increasing their vulnerability to serious mental health issues as well as an increase in the amount of self-hatred that these children feel. In our highly hetero-normative and gender binary society, continuing with these ideas makes these youth susceptible to many stressors and makes it very hard for them to fit in. All of this leads them to living lives with more stress and higher rates of depression, drug and alcohol abuse, bullying, and suicide. If we could learn to accept one another we could be saving these youth a lifetime of pain and oppression. Breaking from our gender binary and hetero-norms is a start as well as acceptance of people who differ from these norms. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
Transgender and LGBTQ children face oppression from houses, institutions, schools, friends, peers, and family. Thus, it is increasing their vulnerability to serious mental health issues as well as an increase in the amount of self-hatred that these children feel. In our highly hetero-normative and gender binary society, continuing with these ideas makes these youth susceptible to many stressors and makes it very hard for them to fit in. All of this leads them to living lives with more stress and higher rates of depression, drug and alcohol abuse, bullying, and suicide. If we could learn to accept one another we could be saving these youth a lifetime of pain and oppression. Breaking from our gender binary and hetero-norms is a start as well as acceptance of people who differ from these norms. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The positives of situational leadership stem from the methods that need to be utilized in order to solve the issue. For example, a situational leader must develop emotional intelligence to be aware of not only the feelings and views of their peers, but also the emotions within themselves. This insight will help the leader decide on which particular leadership style will best fit the situation and be effective in leading their associates. To strengthen emotional intelligence, these leaders must be able to utilize and welcome constructive criticism. By allowing criticism and the voicing of concerns, these leaders construct a trustworthy environment within the workplace. Once the situational leader assesses each team member's strengths and weaknesses in certain situations, the route to the best style and solution becomes clearer. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The positives of situational leadership stem from the methods that need to be utilized in order to solve the issue. For example, a situational leader must develop emotional intelligence to be aware of not only the feelings and views of their peers, but also the emotions within themselves. This insight will help the leader decide on which particular leadership style will best fit the situation and be effective in leading their associates. To strengthen emotional intelligence, these leaders must be able to utilize and welcome constructive criticism. By allowing criticism and the voicing of concerns, these leaders construct a trustworthy environment within the workplace. Once the situational leader assesses each team member's strengths and weaknesses in certain situations, the route to the best style and solution becomes clearer. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The positives of situational leadership stem from the methods that need to be utilized in order to solve the issue. For example, a situational leader must develop emotional intelligence to be aware of not only the feelings and views of their peers, but also the emotions within themselves. This insight will help the leader decide on which particular leadership style will best fit the situation and be effective in leading their associates. To strengthen emotional intelligence, these leaders must be able to utilize and welcome constructive criticism. By allowing criticism and the voicing of concerns, these leaders construct a trustworthy environment within the workplace. Once the situational leader assesses each team member's strengths and weaknesses in certain situations, the route to the best style and solution becomes clearer. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the-questions given below: |
The end of the American Civil War caused economic chaos across the nation and arguably hit the agricultural industry the hardest, as farmers in the South endured particularly tough times as they were thwarted with high-interest rates, increased debts and declining prices for their goods. The farmers were equally hampered by bad crops, which only fueled the uncertainty surrounding the international market, which caused further discontent for the farmers as they became increasingly frustrated by the government's refusal to intervene as the United States became progressively more urbanized and industrialized. In response to this, the farmers began to organize themselves into regional groups and merged together in joint venture agreements in an attempt to minimize the effects of the recession. It inspired the establishment of the regional Famers' Alliances which aimed to represent the people and put pressure on the already existing political parties to enact agrarian reform. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the-questions given below: |
The end of the American Civil War caused economic chaos across the nation and arguably hit the agricultural industry the hardest, as farmers in the South endured particularly tough times as they were thwarted with high-interest rates, increased debts and declining prices for their goods. The farmers were equally hampered by bad crops, which only fueled the uncertainty surrounding the international market, which caused further discontent for the farmers as they became increasingly frustrated by the government's refusal to intervene as the United States became progressively more urbanized and industrialized. In response to this, the farmers began to organize themselves into regional groups and merged together in joint venture agreements in an attempt to minimize the effects of the recession. It inspired the establishment of the regional Famers' Alliances which aimed to represent the people and put pressure on the already existing political parties to enact agrarian reform. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the-questions given below: |
The end of the American Civil War caused economic chaos across the nation and arguably hit the agricultural industry the hardest, as farmers in the South endured particularly tough times as they were thwarted with high-interest rates, increased debts and declining prices for their goods. The farmers were equally hampered by bad crops, which only fueled the uncertainty surrounding the international market, which caused further discontent for the farmers as they became increasingly frustrated by the government's refusal to intervene as the United States became progressively more urbanized and industrialized. In response to this, the farmers began to organize themselves into regional groups and merged together in joint venture agreements in an attempt to minimize the effects of the recession. It inspired the establishment of the regional Famers' Alliances which aimed to represent the people and put pressure on the already existing political parties to enact agrarian reform. |
Direction: Study the following passage carefully and answer the-questions given below: |
The end of the American Civil War caused economic chaos across the nation and arguably hit the agricultural industry the hardest, as farmers in the South endured particularly tough times as they were thwarted with high-interest rates, increased debts and declining prices for their goods. The farmers were equally hampered by bad crops, which only fueled the uncertainty surrounding the international market, which caused further discontent for the farmers as they became increasingly frustrated by the government's refusal to intervene as the United States became progressively more urbanized and industrialized. In response to this, the farmers began to organize themselves into regional groups and merged together in joint venture agreements in an attempt to minimize the effects of the recession. It inspired the establishment of the regional Famers' Alliances which aimed to represent the people and put pressure on the already existing political parties to enact agrarian reform. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
Social issues are fought by social banking which focuses on satisfying the needs of the economy and society, while also considering one's social, cultural, ecological and economic sustainability. According to the Institute for Social Banking, social banking is described as a positive contribution to the potential of all human beings to develop in the present as well as in the future. Social Banks are defined by Benedikter by being a "bank with a conscience". Social bank focus on investing in the community, provide help to those who are in need of help as well as support social, environmental and ethical agendas. Social banks try to close the gap in social issues that are focused around social issues within the banking industry and try to help by investing their money in endeavors that only promote the greater good of the society instead of profit ventures. That is why social banks main focus is on promoting human and environmental well-being and lends money for those projects for a purpose. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
Social issues are fought by social banking which focuses on satisfying the needs of the economy and society, while also considering one's social, cultural, ecological and economic sustainability. According to the Institute for Social Banking, social banking is described as a positive contribution to the potential of all human beings to develop in the present as well as in the future. Social Banks are defined by Benedikter by being a "bank with a conscience". Social bank focus on investing in the community, provide help to those who are in need of help as well as support social, environmental and ethical agendas. Social banks try to close the gap in social issues that are focused around social issues within the banking industry and try to help by investing their money in endeavors that only promote the greater good of the society instead of profit ventures. That is why social banks main focus is on promoting human and environmental well-being and lends money for those projects for a purpose. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
Social issues are fought by social banking which focuses on satisfying the needs of the economy and society, while also considering one's social, cultural, ecological and economic sustainability. According to the Institute for Social Banking, social banking is described as a positive contribution to the potential of all human beings to develop in the present as well as in the future. Social Banks are defined by Benedikter by being a "bank with a conscience". Social bank focus on investing in the community, provide help to those who are in need of help as well as support social, environmental and ethical agendas. Social banks try to close the gap in social issues that are focused around social issues within the banking industry and try to help by investing their money in endeavors that only promote the greater good of the society instead of profit ventures. That is why social banks main focus is on promoting human and environmental well-being and lends money for those projects for a purpose. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
Social issues are fought by social banking which focuses on satisfying the needs of the economy and society, while also considering one's social, cultural, ecological and economic sustainability. According to the Institute for Social Banking, social banking is described as a positive contribution to the potential of all human beings to develop in the present as well as in the future. Social Banks are defined by Benedikter by being a "bank with a conscience". Social bank focus on investing in the community, provide help to those who are in need of help as well as support social, environmental and ethical agendas. Social banks try to close the gap in social issues that are focused around social issues within the banking industry and try to help by investing their money in endeavors that only promote the greater good of the society instead of profit ventures. That is why social banks main focus is on promoting human and environmental well-being and lends money for those projects for a purpose. |
Direction: Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The conflict arises within in any class structure; but it is when an unequal distribution of power takes place that struggle arises within the realm of emergency management. Race and gender has and always will continue to play a role in any disaster or crisis that occurs. With America being a melting pot and the mixture of cultures imbedded within society, disaster planning will continuously need improvement and adjustments that are tailored to the makeup of the area. To prevent the destruction of what happened in Puerto Rico, officials will need to incorporate and research culture, risks, and threats for improvements and understand what works best for that population. Often ones heritage takes a first seat over any plan or policy which can posit a threat. Here collaboration is necessary in order to develop a solution to prevent a crisis from developing in such diverged heritages. Incorporating race and gender can mean positive re-enforcement and assurance that all backgrounds and nationalities are addressed and planned for in disaster planning. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The conflict arises within in any class structure; but it is when an unequal distribution of power takes place that struggle arises within the realm of emergency management. Race and gender has and always will continue to play a role in any disaster or crisis that occurs. With America being a melting pot and the mixture of cultures imbedded within society, disaster planning will continuously need improvement and adjustments that are tailored to the makeup of the area. To prevent the destruction of what happened in Puerto Rico, officials will need to incorporate and research culture, risks, and threats for improvements and understand what works best for that population. Often ones heritage takes a first seat over any plan or policy which can posit a threat. Here collaboration is necessary in order to develop a solution to prevent a crisis from developing in such diverged heritages. Incorporating race and gender can mean positive re-enforcement and assurance that all backgrounds and nationalities are addressed and planned for in disaster planning. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The conflict arises within in any class structure; but it is when an unequal distribution of power takes place that struggle arises within the realm of emergency management. Race and gender has and always will continue to play a role in any disaster or crisis that occurs. With America being a melting pot and the mixture of cultures imbedded within society, disaster planning will continuously need improvement and adjustments that are tailored to the makeup of the area. To prevent the destruction of what happened in Puerto Rico, officials will need to incorporate and research culture, risks, and threats for improvements and understand what works best for that population. Often ones heritage takes a first seat over any plan or policy which can posit a threat. Here collaboration is necessary in order to develop a solution to prevent a crisis from developing in such diverged heritages. Incorporating race and gender can mean positive re-enforcement and assurance that all backgrounds and nationalities are addressed and planned for in disaster planning. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The conflict arises within in any class structure; but it is when an unequal distribution of power takes place that struggle arises within the realm of emergency management. Race and gender has and always will continue to play a role in any disaster or crisis that occurs. With America being a melting pot and the mixture of cultures imbedded within society, disaster planning will continuously need improvement and adjustments that are tailored to the makeup of the area. To prevent the destruction of what happened in Puerto Rico, officials will need to incorporate and research culture, risks, and threats for improvements and understand what works best for that population. Often ones heritage takes a first seat over any plan or policy which can posit a threat. Here collaboration is necessary in order to develop a solution to prevent a crisis from developing in such diverged heritages. Incorporating race and gender can mean positive re-enforcement and assurance that all backgrounds and nationalities are addressed and planned for in disaster planning. |
Direction: Study the table carefully to answer the questions that follow: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidates who appeared and passed in the test from four schools in six different years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Direction: Study the table carefully to answer the questions that follow: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidates who appeared and passed in the test from four schools in six different years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Direction: Study the table carefully to answer the questions that follow: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidates who appeared and passed in the test from four schools in six different years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Direction: Study the table carefully to answer the questions that follow: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidates who appeared and passed in the test from four schools in six different years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Direction: Study the table carefully to answer the questions that follow: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Candidates who appeared and passed in the test from four schools in six different years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Direction: Refer to the pie charts and answer the given questions. |
Data regarding number of foreign students (males females) from different countries- A, B, C, D and E, taking in higher level education in the country XYZ in the year 2014. |
Total number of foreign students (males females) = 9000 |
Foreign Female Students = 3500 |
Direction: Refer to the pie charts and answer the given questions. |
Data regarding number of foreign students (males females) from different countries- A, B, C, D and E, taking in higher level education in the country XYZ in the year 2014. |
Total number of foreign students (males females) = 9000 |
Foreign Female Students = 3500 |
Direction: Refer to the pie charts and answer the given questions. |
Data regarding number of foreign students (males females) from different countries- A, B, C, D and E, taking in higher level education in the country XYZ in the year 2014. |
Total number of foreign students (males females) = 9000 |
Foreign Female Students = 3500 |
Direction: Refer to the pie charts and answer the given questions. |
Data regarding number of foreign students (males females) from different countries- A, B, C, D and E, taking in higher level education in the country XYZ in the year 2014. |
Total number of foreign students (males females) = 9000 |
Foreign Female Students = 3500 |
Direction: Refer to the pie charts and answer the given questions. |
Data regarding number of foreign students (males females) from different countries- A, B, C, D and E, taking in higher level education in the country XYZ in the year 2014. |
Total number of foreign students (males females) = 9000 |
Foreign Female Students = 3500 |
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions based on it. |
Two universities A and B invited applications from candidates for the session 2011-2012 for 6 courses-Commerce, Science, Engineering, Arts, Management and Law. |
The number of applications received by university A for Commerce, Science and Engineering courses is 70% of total applications for all the courses. |
800 applications were received for Law course, 720 for Management course and 400 for law course. The number of applications for Management course is 40% less than that of Engineering course. The number of applications for Commerce course is 200 more than the number of applications for Science course. |
In university B, the number of applications for Science course is 20% less than the number of applications received by university A for Science course. In university B, the number of applications for Arts course is 780 which is 15% of the total number of applications received for all courses. The number of applications received for Arts course is 40% less than the number of applications for Commerce course. The number of applications received for Engineering and Management courses is 2 less than twice the number of applications received for Arts and Law courses. Same number of applications were received for Engineering and Management courses. |
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions based on it. |
Two universities A and B invited applications from candidates for the session 2011-2012 for 6 courses-Commerce, Science, Engineering, Arts, Management and Law. |
The number of applications received by university A for Commerce, Science and Engineering courses is 70% of total applications for all the courses. |
800 applications were received for Law course, 720 for Management course and 400 for law course. The number of applications for Management course is 40% less than that of Engineering course. The number of applications for Commerce course is 200 more than the number of applications for Science course. |
In university B, the number of applications for Science course is 20% less than the number of applications received by university A for Science course. In university B, the number of applications for Arts course is 780 which is 15% of the total number of applications received for all courses. The number of applications received for Arts course is 40% less than the number of applications for Commerce course. The number of applications received for Engineering and Management courses is 2 less than twice the number of applications received for Arts and Law courses. Same number of applications were received for Engineering and Management courses. |
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions based on it. |
Two universities A and B invited applications from candidates for the session 2011-2012 for 6 courses-Commerce, Science, Engineering, Arts, Management and Law. |
The number of applications received by university A for Commerce, Science and Engineering courses is 70% of total applications for all the courses. |
800 applications were received for Law course, 720 for Management course and 400 for law course. The number of applications for Management course is 40% less than that of Engineering course. The number of applications for Commerce course is 200 more than the number of applications for Science course. |
In university B, the number of applications for Science course is 20% less than the number of applications received by university A for Science course. In university B, the number of applications for Arts course is 780 which is 15% of the total number of applications received for all courses. The number of applications received for Arts course is 40% less than the number of applications for Commerce course. The number of applications received for Engineering and Management courses is 2 less than twice the number of applications received for Arts and Law courses. Same number of applications were received for Engineering and Management courses. |
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions based on it. |
Two universities A and B invited applications from candidates for the session 2011-2012 for 6 courses-Commerce, Science, Engineering, Arts, Management and Law. |
The number of applications received by university A for Commerce, Science and Engineering courses is 70% of total applications for all the courses. |
800 applications were received for Law course, 720 for Management course and 400 for law course. The number of applications for Management course is 40% less than that of Engineering course. The number of applications for Commerce course is 200 more than the number of applications for Science course. |
In university B, the number of applications for Science course is 20% less than the number of applications received by university A for Science course. In university B, the number of applications for Arts course is 780 which is 15% of the total number of applications received for all courses. The number of applications received for Arts course is 40% less than the number of applications for Commerce course. The number of applications received for Engineering and Management courses is 2 less than twice the number of applications received for Arts and Law courses. Same number of applications were received for Engineering and Management courses. |
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions based on it. |
Two universities A and B invited applications from candidates for the session 2011-2012 for 6 courses-Commerce, Science, Engineering, Arts, Management and Law. |
The number of applications received by university A for Commerce, Science and Engineering courses is 70% of total applications for all the courses. |
800 applications were received for Law course, 720 for Management course and 400 for law course. The number of applications for Management course is 40% less than that of Engineering course. The number of applications for Commerce course is 200 more than the number of applications for Science course. |
In university B, the number of applications for Science course is 20% less than the number of applications received by university A for Science course. In university B, the number of applications for Arts course is 780 which is 15% of the total number of applications received for all courses. The number of applications received for Arts course is 40% less than the number of applications for Commerce course. The number of applications received for Engineering and Management courses is 2 less than twice the number of applications received for Arts and Law courses. Same number of applications were received for Engineering and Management courses. |
You need to login to perform this action.
You will be redirected in
3 sec