Answer:
(a) The herbivores are predators for plants. The insects are phytophagus (feeding on plants). So, the plants show morphological as well as chemical defense against herbivores, e.g., thorns of rose and Acacia as well as cactus.
(b) Certain plants produce chemicals, such as opium, quinine, caffeine, nicotine, etc., to protect them against being grazed by the animals.
(c) Calotropis produces highly poisonous cardiac glycosides. So, the cattle and goats do not eat this plant.
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