Answer:
(a) The two world wars had a disastrous impact on forests. In India, all plans were abandoned and trees were cut freely to meet the British war needs. (b) In Java, the Dutch followed the 'scorched earth policy' destroying sawmills and burning teak logs to prevent them from falling into Japanese hands. (c) After Japan occupied Indonesia, it recklessly exploited the forests to meet the needs of their own war industries. Many villagers took this opportunity to expand cultivation in the forest. (d) After the war, it was difficult for the Indonesian forest service to get this land back. Like in India, the peoples' need for agricultural land brought them into conflict with the forest departments' desire to control the land and exclude people from it.
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