Answer:
(a) Shirting cultivators. Due to the government's ban on shifting cultivation, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations while others rebelled against the government. (b) Nomadic and pastoralist communities. Many pastoralist and nomadic communities like the Korava, Karacha and Yerukula of the Madras Presidency lost their means of livelihood. Some of them began to be called 'criminal tribes' and were forced to work in factories, mines and plantations under government supervision. (c) Firms trading in timber/forest produce. Many communities left their traditional occupation and started trading in forest products. For example the Mundurucu peoples of the Brazilian Amazon began to collect latex and supplied it to traders. In India, the British government gave European trading trims the sole right to trade in the forest products of certain areas. Grazing and hunting by local people were restricted which affected them adversely. (d) Plantation owners. They flourished as large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for tea, for tea coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe's growing need for these commodities. These areas were given to European planters at cheap rates. (e) Kings/British officials engaged in shikar. Hunting of big game became a sport. In India, hunting of tigers and other animals has long been a part of the culture of courtiers and nobles. But under colonial rule, the hunting increased to such an extent that various species become extinct. Rewards for killing tigers, wolves and other large animals were given. Over 80,000 tigers, 150,000 leopards and 200,000 wolves were killed during this period (1875-1925). Later environmentalists and conservators realised many species of animals needed to be protected and not killed.
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