Crabon and Its Compounds
Category : 10th Class
Carbon and Its Compounds
We can test the presence of carbon in a material on the basis of the fact that carbon and its compounds burn in air to give carbon dioxide gas which turns lime water milky.
Carbon occurs in nature in the 'free state' (as element) as well as in the 'combined state' (in the form of compounds with other elements).
The three allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphite and buck minster fullerene.
Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen. They can be saturated or unsaturated.
A hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are bonded by a 'double bond' or a 'triple bond' is called an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Ethene \[({{H}_{2}}C=C{{H}_{2}})\]and ethyne\[(HC\equiv CH)\]are two important unsaturated hydrocarbons, because ethene contains a double bond and ethyne contains a triple bond between two carbon atoms.
The organic compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures are known as isomers. Isomerism is possible only with hydrocarbons having 4 or more carbon atoms.
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by - CK, group.
Coal is a complex mixture of compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and some free carbon. Small amounts of nitrogen and sulphur compounds are also present in coal.
(i) Combustion or burning: Alkanes burn in air to produce a lot of heat due to which alkanes are excellent fuels.
(ii) Substitution Reactions: Saturated hydrocarbons, however, undergo substitution reactions with chlorine in the presence of sunlight.
(iii) Addition Reactions are undergone by all unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double bond or a triple bond like the alkenes and alkynes.
Some of the important functional groups are
Name |
Functional group |
Secondary suffix |
Example |
Alcohol |
- OH |
- ol |
Ethan + ol = Ethanol |
Aldehyde |
- CHO |
- al |
Ethane + al = Ethanal |
Ketone |
> C = O |
- one |
Propane + one = Propanone |
Carboxylic acid |
- COOH |
- oic acid |
Ethane + oic = Ethanoic acid |
Ester |
- COOR |
- oate |
Methyl + oate = ethanoate |
Soaps and detergents are sodium salts of different organic acids (or) fatty acids.
You need to login to perform this action.
You will be redirected in
3 sec