Answer:
The fermentation process is the
basis of many industries in order to produce diverse products. Fermentation
means a process in which microorganisms that are cultured on a large scale,
convert a substrate into a product which is useful to human.
The fermentation process is divided into
two stages namely
Upstream and downstream
processing bothof these processes can be discussed taking an example of citric
acid production.
The upstream processing in biotechnology
involves identifying a material. This forms the initial process of
fermentation. It deals with inoculums preparation, preparation of culture media,
scale up of the entire process and inoculation.
When the products are subjected
to a series of processes including separation and purification of the product,
it is collectively known as downstream processing. It deals with the
post-harvest product, i.e., recovery-clarification, purification, polishing and
formulation till the packaging of the desired product.
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