Answer:
In group 13, as we move down the
group, the stability of+3 state decreases while that of +1 state progressively increases.
The reason why the liability of +1 state increases down the group, is that the
tendency of s-electrons of the valence shell to participate in bond formation
decreases. This reluctance is called inert pair effect. This is due to ineffective
shielding of\[n{{s}^{2}}\] -electrons of the valence shell by intervening d-
and f-electrons.
Similarly, in the group 14, the
stability of +2 oxidation state increases as we go down in the group. This is
also due to inert pair effect and reluctance of \[n{{s}^{2}}\] -electron to
participate in bond formation on account of ineffective shielding of \[n{{s}^{2}}\]
-electrons by intervening d- and f-electrons.
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