Answer:
(i) The most straight forward
way to reduce or prevent the formation of photochemical smog is to minimise the
release of oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons to the atmosphere.
The following methods can be
applied to minimise the oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons.
(a) By fitting efficient
catalytic converters in automobiles, the harmful gases are converted
catalytically into harmless gases.
(b) By spraying certain
compounds into the atmosphere which generate free radicals that readily combine
with the free radicals that initiate the reactions forming toxic compounds of
the photochemical smog. The compound diethyl hydroxylamine has been
found to possess smog inhibiting property.
(c) Certain plants such as
pinus, jiniparus, pyrus, vitis, etc., can metabolise oxides of nitrogen.
(ii) Solvents used to dry clean
clothes are usually chlorinated compounds which are carcinogen. Suitable
detergents which work in liquid carbon dioxide have been discovered to replace
the chlorinated compounds.
For bleaching of clothes in laundry,
\[{{H}_{2}}{{O}_{2}}\] and not \[C{{l}_{2}}\] is used which gives better
results and is not harmful.
Earlier, \[C{{l}_{2}}\] gas was
used for bleaching paper. Chlorine is highly toxic in nature. Its use has been
replaced by \[{{H}_{2}}{{O}_{2}}\] in presence of a suitable catalyst.
(ii) To reduce the use of
synthetic detergents as cleaning agent, emphasis should be made on the use of
soaps prepared of vegetable oils. The vegetable oils are biodegradable while detergents
do not undergo biodegradation.
(iv) Instead of petrol and
diesel, the use of CNG (Condensed Natural Gas) and LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
has been preferred as they are pollution free fuels.
The other sources such as
hydrogen, ethyl alcohol, etc., can be tried in place of petrol and diesel.
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