Answer:
Dipole moment
has large number of applications in determination and confirmation of molecular
structure. Some of its important applications are given below:
(1) If a molecule has zero dipole moment is said to be nonpolar
or non-ionic.
(2) Percentage ionic character of a bond can be calculated using
following relation:
Percentage of ionic character
=\[\frac{\text{Experimental value of dipole
moment}}{\text{Theoretical value of dipole moment}}\]
(3) To determine geometry of molecules: The values of dipole
moments provide valuable information about the structure of molecules.
(a) \[C{{O}_{2}},C{{S}_{2}}\] molecules are linear as
values of their dipole moments are zero.
(b) \[{{H}_{2}}O\] is not a linear molecule as it has
dipole moment.
Actually, it has V-shaped structure and the bond angle is \[105{}^\circ
\].
Similarly, \[S{{O}_{2}}\] has a bent structure.
(c) In ammonia, three hydrogen atoms do not lie symmetrically
with respect to nitrogen as it has dipole moment.
It has a pyramidal structure.
(4) To determine orientation in benzene ring: Dipole moment is useful to ascertain the orientation of
substituents.
Greater the dipole moment, greater is the asymmetry. In
general, dipole moment follows the order:
Ortho > meta > para
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