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CHAPTER-10 TRIBES

 

The term 'Tribe' is derived from the Latin word 'tribes'. Earlier Romans used this term to designates the divisions in society. The tribes in India constitute approximate 9% part of the total population. It represents an element in Indian society which is integrated with the culture mosaic of our civilization. The present popular meaning of 'Tribe' in India refers to a category of people, included in the list of Scheduled Tribes. The term "Scheduled Tribes" First mention in "Government of India Act, 1935", than after it was included in the Constitution of India in 1950. The term Adivasi also applies to indigenous people of this area. Adivasi term firstly used by Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, popularly known as Thakkar Bapa.

 

 

Tribes are relatively isolated from larger cultural influences, have a relative cultural homogeneity and a simple technology. They believe in spirits, magic and witchcraft. They have their own taboos which prohibit certain actions that are punishable by the community, by the supernatural, or by magical consequences.

 

Characteristics of Tribes

• Geographical isolation or semi-isolation.
• Definite Common Topography. 
• Unacculturated or partially acculturated into national society.
• Largely or entirely independent of the national economic system.
• Ethnic distinctiveness from the national society.
• Economic base tightly dependent on their specific environment.
• Distinct Political Organization.
• Rudimentary type of Religion.  
• Distinct customs, rituals and beliefs.
• Sense of Unity.
• Endogamous Group.
• Common Dialect.
• Common Culture.
• Distinct political organizations.
• Ties bond-Relationship.

 

Tribes of Madhya Pradesh

 

• There are 46 recognized Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh, three of which have been identified as 'Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs) (formerly known as ?Special Primitive Tribal Groups'). The population of Scheduled Tribes (ST) is 21.1% of the state population (15.31 million out of 72.62 million), according to the 2011 census.
• Madhya Pradesh occupies 1st place from the Scheduled Tribe population point of view. As per census of 2011 the lowest population of scheduled tribe in the state is 613ti persons in Behind district while maximum population is in Dhar district (12,22814).
• According to the 2011 Census of India, Bhil is the most populous tribe with a total population of 4,618,068, constituting 37.7 per cent of the total ST population, Gond is the second largest tribe, with a population of 4,357,918 constituting 35.6 per cent. The, next four populous tribes are: Kol, Korku, Sahariya and Baiga. These six tribes constitute 92.2 per cent of the total ST population of the State.
• Pardhan, Saur and Bharia Bhumia have a population ranging from 105,692 to 152,472 together, they form 3.2 per cent.
• Four tribes, namely Manjhi, Khairwar, Mawasi and Panika having population in the range of 47,806 to 81,335 account for another 2.2 per cent of the ST population; remaining thirty three tribes (out of total of 46 tribes) along with the generic tribes constitute the residual 2.5 per cent of total ST population.
• According to census, 2011 the percentage of tribal population in India is 8.6% while for M.P. it is 21.1% which is One Fifth (1/5) part of the total population of state.
• M.P. has both highest number of Tribal population and types of tribes as well.
• There are approximately 46 Kinds of tribes (including 24 Major Tribes) in M.P. The number reaches up to 90 along with their sub-tribes.
• The population of tribes in M.P. is 1.53 crore, which is highest in India.

 

Territorial Distribution of Tribes

 

• Tribes of North-Eastern Area

 

• Districts: Shahdol, Sidhi, Jabalpur, Rewa, Satna.
• Tribes: Kol, Madia, Agariya, Panika, Khairwar. Amoung these Kol is the Major tribe, which resides in Jabalpur, Rewa, and Satna Belt.

 

• Southern Region

 

• Districts: Mandla, Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betui, Hoshangabad.
• Tribes: Gond is the largest tribe in this region. Bhariya, Baiga, Madia, Halba Tribes are present in few numbers. Baiga tribe is specially found in Mandla Bhariyain Chhindwara, Korku in Hoshangabad and Eastern Nimar region.

 

• Western Region

 

• Districts: Khandwa, Khargone, Jhabua, Ratlam, Dhar, Alirajpur.
• Tribes: Bhil and Bhilala Tribes are dominant in these districts. They have a good population in Dhar, Jhabua and Alirajpur.

 

• Middle MP

Districts: Hoshangabad, Batul, Narsinghpur, Jabalpur, Harda, Raisen.

Tribes: Gond and Korku tribes are mainly found in these districts.

 

• North and North-West

 

• Districts: Gwalior, Bhind, Morena, Shivpuri, Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Sagar.
• Tribes: Saharia and saur tribes are mainly found here.

 

Tribes of Madhya Pradesh

S.N.	Tribes	Sub-Tribes	Region
1.	Bhil	Barela, Bhilala, Pateliya, Rathiya	Dhar, Jhabua, Khargone
2.	Gond	Pardhan, Agaria, Ojha, Nagarchi, Solhas	Found in almost every district, mainly in vindhya & Satpura
3.	Baiga	Binjhwar, Bharotiya, Narotiya, Nahar, Rai, Maina, Kathmaina	Mandla, Balaghat, Shahdol.
4.	Korku	Mowasir, Bawari, Bodorya, Patariya, Ruma	Khandwa, Hoshangabad, Betui, Chhindwara, Dewas,
5.	Bharia	Bhumiya, Bhuihar, Panda	Chhindwara, Jabalpur, Mandla, Shahdol, Panna
6.	Kol	Rohiya, Rautela	Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi
7.	Madiya	Abujhmadia, DandamiMadia, Metakoitur	Jabalpur, Mandla, Chhindwara, Shahdol,Panna
8.	Saharia	-	Guna, Shivpuri, Morena, Sheopur Gwalior, Vidisha, Rajgarh
9.	Saur	-	Chhatarpur, Panna, Tikamgarh, Sagar, Damoh
10.	Agaria	-	Mandla. Sidhi, Shahdol
11.	Panika	-	Shahdol, Sidhi
12.	Pardhan	-	Seoni, Chhindwara, Balaghat, Betul
13.	Khairwar	-	Sidhi, Shahdol, Panna, Chhatarpur

 

 

 

Major Tribes of Madhya Pardesh

 

Bhil

 

The word "Bhil" is originated from a Tamil word "Villuvara" which means "Bow". The name Bhil is given to this tribe due to the reason that they are very good archers.

 

Bhil tribes specially found in Western districts of MP- Jhabua, Alirajpur, Dhar, Khargone and Barwani which has the distinction of being the largest tribal enclave of the state.

 

According to the 2011 Census of India, Bhil is the most populous tribe with a total population of 4,618,068, constituting 37.7 per cent of the total ST population.

 

Origin: Proto Australoid, some scholars assume them to be of Dravidian or Kolarian race.

 

Physical features:

 

• The people of the Bhil tribe have short stature.
• Generally, their height is between 4-5 feet.
• Body and hair color is black and frizzy hair, flattened nose, wide face, large nostrils, and stocky body.

 

Geographical distribution: Western part of the Madhya Pradesh in the districts of Dhar, Jhabua, Alirajpur, Khargone, and Barwani.

 

 

Sub tribes: Bhil, Bhilala, Barela, Pateliya, and Rathiya.

 

Social Characteristics:

Main foods of Bhils are maize, onion, garlic and chili which they cultivate in their small fields. They collect fruits and vegetables from the local forests. Wheat and rice are used at time of festivals and other special occasions only.

 

They keep self-made bows and arrows, swords, knives, axes etc. with them as weapons for self-defense and hunting the wild fauna which also form the major part of their diet. They profusely use alcohol distilled by them from the flower of Mahua (Madhucalongifolia).

 

Religion & Culture: 

 

• Bhils have many Gotras. Marriage relationships in Bhils are outside of Gotra. Among these, the practices of Morbandiya marriage, abduction marriage, devar marriage exchange marriage, service marriage and purchase marriage are prevalent.
• Traditionally men wear Pagri (turban), Angarakha or Kurta, Dhoti or Gamchha. Women wear Sari, Choli and Ghagra.   
• They like to play Flute (Bahli), Pithaura is world famous paintings of Bhil tribe. Pema Falya (Honored with Tulsi Award 2015) is one of a great pithaura artist.
• Main Festivals: Bhagoriya, Nabai, Chalawani and Jatra are main festival etc. They also celebrate Hindu festivals Diwali, Dussehara etc.
• The heavy bridal price is imposed on the side of bride groom. This system is known as Dapa Custom in Bhil Tribe.                                            

 

Bhagoriya: The Bhagoria Haat Festival celebrated by the local includes Bhil, Bhilala, Barela particularly in the District of West Nimar and Malwa (Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone and Alirajpur). Bhagoria has an agricultural significance attached to it. It commences with the end of harvesting season. The local people therefore celebrate the festival to mark the completion of the same.

 

According to tradition, In Bhagoria Haat, the tribal youth express their love for the girl by offering them Betel nuts, by taking Betel nut girl shows her consent. After this, the couple runs away from Bhagoria Haat and does not return home until the families of the two agree to their marriage. Today, it is solely a positive festival that celebrates the joyous aspects of life. A festival of love, life, music and colours. Bhagoria no doubt carves a special niche amongst the tribal people of Madhya Pradesh.

 

Gond

 

Origin:

 

• The 'Gond' word originates from the word 'Kond' in Telugu, which means "mountain", that is, this tribe lives on mountains. This is the second largest tribes of M.P. This tribe is Dravidian in Race. Gonds are pleased to call themselves as "Koytor".
• Physical features: Well-built body, the skin and hair color is black and the number of hairs of beared and mustache is less. Wide face and nose is flattened.
• Sub-tribes:- The Gond tribe of Madhya Pradesh is divided into several sub-castes on the basis of occupation:

 

• Agariya: Iron working class.
• Pradhans: worshiping in temples.
• Ojha: Performing Scholarly and tantric actions.
• Solhas: Carpenter class

 

• Geographic distribution:-Gonds are found all over the state but higher concentration is found on the both banks of the Narmada River, Vindhya and Satpura hills.
• Betul, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad.Balaghat, Shahdol, Mandla, Sagar and Damoh districts.

 

Social Characteristic:

 

• The Gond society is Patriarchal.
• Gond belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is related to Tamil and Kannada.
• Gonds worship a high god known as Baradeo, whose alternate names are Bhagavan, Sri Shambu Mahadeo, and Persa Pen.
• They are generally conservative about their customs & traditions.

 

Economic Characteristic:

 

• Their main occupations are: Agriculture & Agricultural labour.

 

 

 

Religion &Culture:

• They are generally conservative about their customs & traditions.
• Different types of marriages are prevalent among them such as Doodh Lautawa, Pathaun Chadh Vivah, Lamsena etc.
• Their main festivals are Bidri, Bakpanthi, Jawara, Madia, Cherta.
• Pej is their main food.
• 'Ghotui' tradition is prevalent in Gonds.

 

Ghotul Tradition: A ghotul is a spacious tribal hut surrounded by earthen or wooden walls. It is an integral part of Gond Muria tribal life in ragions of Chhattisgarh and the neighboring areas in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh in India. It is a place for youths, an independent and autonomous "children's republic" as described by Varrier Elwin. The ghotul is central to social and religious life in Gond society.

• Gond women are fond of Godna custom (tattoo) & Jewellery.
• Main Deities: Thakurdev, Matabai, DulhaDev, Badheshwar, SurajDev, Khairmata etc.
• Madai: It is a cultural fair of Gonds & their sub-tribes, which is highly significant with respect to economic & social perspective. The Fair is organized in January to April every year. Madai of Narayanpur (Chhattisgarh) is very popular. Madai of Mandla (M.P) is also famous.
• Main Folk Dances : Karma, Saila, Bhadoni, Sua.

 

Agariya

 

• Origin :-Agariya is asub-tnbe of Gond. The name Agaria is derived from the Hindi word ?Aag', meaning fire, and from the association with the furnace used for smelting iron ore. They make tools by melting iron.
• Geographical distribution:- Balaghat, Sidhi, Shahdol, Mandla and Dindori districts.
• Physical features;-The skin and hair color is black, wide face and nose is flattened.

 

 

• Social characteristic:

 

• The Agaria women take part in managing family affairs and participate in social and religious functions. They work on the farm; collect firewood, drinking water, besides domestic chores.
• The Agarias are monogamous, but polygamy is permitted.
• Bride price is practiced by the tribe.
• Widow Remarriage is also practiced by the tribe.

 

•  Economic characteristic:

 

• The main economic activity of Agariya tribe is to melting iron and making tools. They are also indulged in mining.

 

• Religion &Culture:

 

• The main god of the Agariya tribe of Madhya Pradesh is Lohasur, whose residence is believed to be in the burning furnaces.
• Agariya people offer a black chicken to their deity.
• They consider Urad pulse as pious symbol and offer it as Bride price or welcoming guests etc.
• Their favourite food is pork.
• These people speak Hindi and Chhattisgarhi along with Agariya language.

 

Korku

 

• Origin

 

The name "Korku", is originated from tow term 'Koro' and 'Ku' where as 'Koro' means person and 'Ku' means alive. They belong to collerian Race and hence considered as a tribe of Munda family.

Initially these people are hunter-gatherer, who dwelt in the forest of Satpura range on both sides of Tapti River                                                        

 

• Physical Characteristics

 

• They are black in color, black eyes, nose slightly flattened, nostrils inflated, thick lips and round face.                                                              
• The nose differs from Nigro people even though it is wide. 

 

• Geographical distribution
• The Korku tribe of Madhya Pradesh is a primitive tribe, inhabiting the southern districts of Madhya Pradesh. Most of the Korkus are settled up to the plains of Hoshangabad, Western Satpura, East Nimar, Betui and Chhindwara.                               

 

 

 

• Social characteristic

 

• Korku society is patriarchal .Basically Korku are considered to be Rajputs. They also have four sub castes and they are: Patharia, Rum, Bobai, Dulariya.
• The Korku tribe be divided into two classes-  

 

• Rai Korku- People in this class are in a prosperous position.
• Patharia Korku- These people are living in a state of poverty.

 

• Important and Respected Personalities of this tribe are Padihar & Bhumaka
• Endogamy is prohibited. They follow custom of Bride Price. Different kinds of marriages such as - Lamajhana, chibodam, Raji-bajji, Hath vivah etc.
• Korku generally eat coarse grains such as - Bajra, Jawar, and Maize etc.

 

•  Economic characteristic

 

• They practice Jhum cultivation.
• The benefits provided to the Schedule Tribes by Ac Government have greatly benefitted Korku tribe.

 

• Religion and culture

 

• They follow Hindu tradition & Worship- Moon, Mahadev etc.
• Their main Dieties: Dongar Dev, Bhatwa Dev, Murda Dev are their Gram devata (Village deity) Satpura range is known for the house of Korku.
• Khamb swang: In this, drama is performed around a (Bamboo) pole buried in ground and hence its name Khamba swang.m this, they worship Ravan's sons meghnath. This folk drama is prevalent among the Korku tribe.

 

Kol

 

• Origin Kol tribe is reckoning among the oldest tribes of India. Kol is considering even older then Kolarian or Munda group. Kol and Ktiats are also mentioned in Rig ved as well as in Puranas, In Rigved it is addressed as "Kolhati". This tribe is also known as Kolryan and Bhundari tribe.

 

• Geographical distribution: Mainly found in districts of ReWa, Sidhi, Singrauli, Shahdol, Satna,. Jabalpur etc. (Vindhya kaimur range)

 

• Physical features :

 

• The colour and hair of the people of Kol tribe are black, medium stature, thick lips and embossed forehead.

 

• Social characteristic:

 

• Kol tribe is patriarchal in nature.
• Polygamy is prevalent among them, but Parda system and bride price ace not in practice.
• Kol Panchyats are called 'Gohiya'.
• Subtribes of Kol are Rohiya & Routale, Bharatiya.Dashora and Thakuriya etc.

 

• Economic characteristic:

 

• Kol are mainly agricultural labours, but many of Kols are also working in Industries, Government services. They also follow Animal Husbandry.

 

• Religion and culture:  

 

• Kols are influenced by Hindu tradition and follow all of its culture, and traditions from birth till death.  
• Kol speak Munda and Bagheli language.
• Kol and Dehka dance is the main dance of the Kol tribe.

 

Panika

 

• Origin:

 

• Panaka or 'Panika' is a Dravidian tribe. Traditionally they are weaver tribe.

 

• Geographical distribution:

 

• Panika is mainly a tribe of Vindhya region of Chhattisgarh. It is found in Sidhi and Shahdol in Madhya Pradesh.                                                  

 

• Physical features: The people of Panika tribe are of normal stature and dark.
• Social characteristic:

 

• They have the Panchayat Systems to settle disputes. 
• The sect of this tribe is Sakat Panika. 
• Panika are pure vegetarian & follow Nirgun ideology 
• Their Main food is Pej, Urad, Moong Pulse and Rice.     

 

• Economic characteristic:

 

• The main occupations of this tribe are Agriculture, cloth weaving and hunting.

 

• Religious features

 

• The widespread influence of Hinduism on the Panika people. Along with Hindu gods, they worship surya, Indra, hanuman, dulhadeva, Budhimata, Marhimata, Hulki Bai etc.   

 

• Cultural features

 

• Panika People have their distinct culture. These do not have same Gotra marriages but sister Gotra marriages are prevalent. Badhu value system is also found. Major marriages Lamsena, ghuspethiya, Devar-Bhabhi etc. are prevalent. (Clothing: Men's white Kurta - Dhoti, Bundi and women wear dhoti, polka.

 

Banjara

 

• Origin   
• Banjara is an ancient Ghumantu tribe, originally believed to be from Rajasthan.

 

• Geographical distribution

• They are permanently inhabited in the Nimar, malwa and mandala region.

 

• Physical Features
• They have strong body and beautiful face.

 

• Social characteristics
• Banjara's residing outside the village, called Tanda.
• The head of Tanda is called Nayak, whose order is obliged by all.
• The rank of sarpanch is also hold by Nayak.

 

• Economic characteristic
• The main occupation of the Banjara tribe is pastoralism and they also do wages.
• They are known as the inventors of the comb and the businessman is known as 'Balad'.

 

• Religion and Culture
• They worship the deities of the Hindu religion. Such as Ram, Krishna, Durga, Shiva etc.
• Sikhism has the greatest influence on them. They are followers of Guru Nanak and Guru Granth Sahib.
• Banjara is a culturally rich tribe and has been interested in music and dance from the beginning.
• Their main dances are Talwar and Danda-Bailey. 
• The main festival of Banjara's is 'Gangaur', they also celebrate Holi, Dussehra and Deepawali.

 

Pardhi

 

• Origin
• Pardhi word is derived from the Marathi word ?Paradh? which means hunting.
• It includes the pardhis and the Baheliyas.

 

• Geographical distribution 

• Pardhi tribes is found in many parts of Madhya Pradesh, mainly resides in the districts of Bhopal, Raisen and sehore.                                          

 

• Sub tribes
• Bhil-Pardhi, Cheeta-paradhi, Phans-Pardhi, Gausai-Pardhi and Pardhi who sell herbs, Langoti-Pardhi.

 

• Physical features
•  Medium stature dark complexion, they are thin and moderately tall long hair.

 

• Social characteristics

 

• Women wear sari like the Maratha women of the Deccan.
• Men wear dhoti and shirt. Some typical Pardhi male used to be half naked wearing a Langoti and a pairan (a full sleeved closed shirt).
• Wandering Pardhis live in grass huts or pals.
• Their huts have only front door and there are no windows.
• In village they live in a cluster of huts in the out skirts. It is known as Pardhiwada.

 

• Religious characteristics

 

• Most Pardhis worship Devi.
• According to their belief. Lord mahadev taught them the art of hunting and rescued them from the sin of killing wild animals.

 

• Cultural characteristics
• All their Gotra similar to Rajput's such as- Sidia, chauhan, Rathi and Solanki etc.

 

• Economic Characteristics
• Their main occupation is hunting.
• Main income source is catching and selling animals and birds.
• Pardhi culture is very similar to Rajput culture due to their Rajput ancestry.
• The marriage procession is of Rajput and Gujarati Style.
• Dussehra is an important festival.

 

Vulnerable Tribes of Madhya Pradesh

 

The following criteria have been determined by the government of India to declare any tribes as particular vulnerable tribal groups:-

 

• Pre-Agricultural level of technology
• Stagnant or declining population
• Low percentage of literacy
• Subsistence level of Economy

 

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups:

 

• PVTGs are more vulnerable among the tribal groups.
• Due to this factor, more developed and assertive tribal groups take a major chunk of the tribal development funds because of which PVTGs need more funds directed for their development.
• In 1973, the Dhebar Commission created Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) as a Separate category, which are least developed among the tribal groups. In 2006, the Government of India renamed the PTGs as PVTGs.
• In this context, in 1975, the Government of India initiated to identify the most vulnerable tribal groups as a separate category called PVTGs and declared 52 such groups, while in 1993 an additional 23 groups were added to the category, making it a total of 75 PVTGs out of 705 Scheduled Tribes.
• PVTGs have some basic characteristics- They are mostly homogenous, with a small population, relatively physically isolated, absence of written language, relatively simple technology and a slower rate of change etc.

 

 

Sahariya

 

The "Sahari' Sehariya, or sahariya are an Ethnic group of Madhya Pradesh. They constitute a prominent place in PVTGs group of Madhya Pradesh.

These PVTGs are living in different geographical area of mainly forests Hills, undulating inaccessible terrain in plateau which are rich in natural resources. They tribes have lived as isolated entities for other communities largely untouched by the society around them.

 

• Origin 

 

• They consider themselves as the younger brothers of Bhils. They are from Collerian family.                                                                      

 

• Geographical distribution
•  They are found in the north-western part of Madhya Pradesh-Guna, Shivpuri, Bhind, and Morena districts.

 

 

• Social characteristic

• They inhabit clusters of houses in areas called Saharana which is outside the main villages. The housing is generally characterized by prehistoric standards made of stone boulders and roofing of stone slabs that locally is called Patore. In some villages mud structures are also constructed. Brick and Concrete are very rare. They live in small joint families.
• They are generally lazy & do not like to work.hey are also famous for their alcohol consumption.  
• Their place of habitation is known as Sahrana whose head is known as Patel.
• Their families are called as "Kutumb"   

 

• Economic characteristic

• The Sahariyas are expert woodsmen and forest product gatherers.
• They are particularly skilled in making catechu from Khair trees.
• The main business is gathering & selling of forest wood, gum, tendu leaf, honey, Mahua and medicinal herbs.
• Their traditional occupations also include making baskets, mining and quarrying, and breaking stones. They also hunt and fish.
• Some Sahariyas are settled cultivators. Wheat, pearl millet and maize are the main cereal crops. Gram and arhar are the main pulses.

 

• Religion and culture

 

• Many folk tales stories are prevalent among them like: Gothleela, Ramleela, JankilVivah, Khyal, etc.
• The tribe members believe in Animism, Folk Hinduism's gods and goddess that they worship and celebrate major festivals: Veer Teja, Dhakar Baba, Durga, Hanuman, Lalbai, Bejasan, SavniAmavasya, Janmashtami, RakshaBandhan, Deepavali, Holi and Teja Dashmi.
• They consider everyone in an endogamous group to be brother and sister; marriages have to be arranged from other clans. During the marriage ceremony, totems are drawn on paper and the floor that they hold in reverence. Child marriage is not favored, although there are some arranged marriages, and any marriage is performed after attaining the age of 15 years. Widow marriage called Nat is permitted but only to a fellow widower or a divorcee. Polygamy is reserved only for males.

 

Baiga

 

The Baiga are an ethnic group found in central India primarily in the state of Madhya Pradesh, and in smaller numbers in the surrounding states of Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

 

• Origin

 

• It is one of primitive tribes of Madhya Pradesh. It is the third major tribe of Madhya Pradesh.
• The word Baiga has many meanings. Baiga is synonymous with Gunia and Ojha in most of Madhya Pradesh besides being an indicator of caste.

 

• Geographical distribution
• The largest number of Baiga is found in Baiga-chuk in Mandla district and Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.

 

• Sub-castes
• Binjhwar, Narotia, Bharotiya, Nahar, Raimaina and Kathmaina

 

• Social characteristic

 

• Baiga belongs to the Ancestral community
• The social status of women comes after the Men.
• Tattooing is an integral part of their lifestyle, as well as hunting is a favorite hobby of the Baiga.
• Laws and social beliefs made by men remain effective in Baiga society.
• Six types of marriage are prevalent among them-Mangni, Uthva marriage, Chor marriage, Pethul marriage, Lamsena and Udhariya.
• Baiga cuisine primarily consists of coarse grains, such as kodo millet and kutki, and involves very little flour.   
• Another staple food of the Baiga is pej, a drink that can be made from ground macca or from the water left from boiling rice. They supplement this diet with food from the forest, including many fruits and vegetables. They hunt primarily fish and small mammals.

 

 

• Economic characteristic
• The Baiga tribes practice shifting cultivation, called 'Bewar' or 'Dahiya'.
• These people make mats and other useful items from bamboo.
• They collect honey, kand mool and Harra from the forests.
• They do hunting and fishing.

 

• Religion and Culture

 

• It is believed that the ancestors of the Baigas spoke an Austroasiatic language, however no trace of it is left now. Now they speak Baigani language.
• Baiga practices are governed by the primitive beliefs and orders of the Ojha Gunia.
• They do the work of exorcism and treat diseases with wild herbs.
• Baiga worship the Saaja tree, if they are given Saaja leaves in their hands while worshiping, they never lie.
• They also believe in many gods and goddesses.
• While worshiping his Dulhadeva and Budhadeva, they offer a chicken and a bottle of liquor.
• Bhavani Mata, Nagvanshi, and Baageshwari mata are other important deities.
• Baigas consider Sushen as their ancestor. According to one belief, when 'Lakshmanji' was injured in the war, he was treated by a Baiga (Vaidya) named ?Sushen?.

 

Bhariya

 

• Origin
• Bhariya literally means a bearer, Bharias consider themselves as the younger brothers of Gond tribe. Bharias are included in the tribe of the Dravidian family.

 

• Geographical distribution
• In Madhya Pradesh, Bhariya tribe is found mainly in Jabalpur and Chhindwara districts. The bharias live in Patalkot, which is completely isolated valley. This valley is the source of Dudhi River.

 

 

• Social characteristic
• People of Bhariya tribe prefer to reside in dense forests and higher altitude and then- village is called Thana, which consists of 2 to 25 houses.
• The houses of Bhariya are made of grass chaff wood and bamboo.

 

• Economic characteristic

 

• They were earlier following Jhum farming, (Shifting cultivation as Podu) but now they are settled & have started permanent type of farming.
• There are hundreds of medicinal plant species in the Patalkot valley and the bharias have a deep knowledge of the herbs and medicinal plants. Herbal healers from Bharia community are known as Bhagats.

 

• Religion and culture

 

• Head of Conservative Bhariya Community is Patel. Other important personalities are Bhumka, Padihar ,Kotwar. 
• There is equal right for both men and women in Bharia Society. Bharia people follow the system of Gotra, two cousins having different Gotra can get married but a boy and a girl having same Gotra can't.                                                   
• These people consider themselves influenced by Hinduism.
• Bhariya tribe practice Lamsena marriage, persuasion and widow remarriage.
• ChudiPratha or Churi Custom is Practicised by Bhariya.
• Main Food: -Pej they eat Roti of Mango and Mahua seed in Rainy season.
• They speak in Bharnoti dialect.
• Main Dances: -Bharam, Saitam, Karma, Saila.    
• Main Dities:-BudhaDeo, DulhaDeo, Nag Deo, Badadeo, Muthwa, Bheem Sen.
• Festivals: Diwali, Holi, Bidri, BikpanthiPooja, Navakhani, Jawara etc.

 

These tribes are losing their primitive nature and status due to the social changes, encroachment of forests and rapid urbanization. Due to the mentioned reason the government has taken some steps to protect the primitive nature of this special tribe. 

 

Demographic Character of Tribes of Madhya Pradesh

 

• Population

 

• In comparison, a population of 4,940,258 belonged to various Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh which was 13.57 percent of all India tribals population of 1971.
• The Scheduled Tribes population has reached 15,316,784 in 2011 registering a growth of 210 percent in the four decades.

 

• Sex Ratio

• The overall sex ratio of the ST population in Madhya Pradesh is 975 females per 1000 males which is lower than the national average of 978 for all STs.
• Gond and Baiga have over all sex ratio higher than that of the national average. Sahariya have shown the lowest overall sex ratio.

 

• Literacy & Educational Level

• The literacy rate among the tribes of Madhya Pradesh is lower if compared with that of all STs at the national level (47.1 per cent). Male and female literacy rates among the tribes (53.5 per cent & 28.4 per cent) are also lower in comparison to those at the national level (59.2 per cent & 34.8 per cent).
• Gonds have registered the higher overall literacy as well as female literacy if compared to those of the national average. Sahariya have returned the lowest overall literacy and female literacy both.                  
• Literates, who are educated up to matric/secondary/higher secondary, constitute 6.6 per cent only. Graduates and above are 1.4 per cent while non-technical & technical diploma holders constitute a negligible proportion.
• The data on the education levels attained by all STs show that the drop-out rate is high after primary level. It declines sharply from the middle level onwards. Similar trend has been shown by the major STs in attainment of education.

 

• Work Participation Rate (WPR)

 

• The Work Participation Rate (WPR) of the ST population is 50.5 per cent, which is slightly higher than that of total STs at the national level (49.1 per cent).
• Male and female work participation rates among the tribal communities are 53.2 per cent and 47.6 percent respectively.
• Bhil, Gond, Korku and Baiga have higher WPR than that of the national average.
• 'Cultivators' constitute the highest proportion (46.8 per cent) among the total workers, which is higher than that of all STs at the national level (44.7 per cent). 'Agricultural Labourers' account for 42.1 per cent, which is higher than the national average of 36.9 percent recorded by all STs in this category.

 

• Marital Status

• The data show that 51.9 per cent of the ST population is 'never married' whereas 'married' persons constitute 43.9 per cent. 'Widowed' persons form 3.9 per cent while less than half per cent are (0.4 per cent) 'divorced and separated'.
• Marriages of girls and boys below the legal age for each are in practice among the tribes of Madhya Pradesh. Married girls below 18 years and married boys below 21years constitute 2.5 per cent and 4.6 per cent respectively.
• These proportions are higher than those recorded for all STs at the national level (2.1 per cent and 2.8 per cent). The STs namely, Kol, Sahariya and Baiga have registered the proportions of such marriages higher than the State average.
• The mean number of children ever born per ever married ST woman (45 - 49 yrs.) is 5 which is higher than the total STs at national level (4).

 

• Religion

 

• Hinduism is the predominant religion (91.1 per cent) of the State. As many as 96.1 per cent STs are Hindus.
• Tribes following 'other religions and persuasions' account for 3.2 per cent. Christian and Muslim tribes constitute 0.5 per cent and 0.1 per cent respectively.

 

Major Problems of Tribes

 

• Loss of Control over Natural Resources
• Before the coming of the British, the tribals enjoyed unhindered rights of ownership and management over natural resources like land, forests, wildlife, water, soil, fish, etc. With the advent of industrialisation in India and the discovery of mineral and other resources in tribal inhabited areas, these pockets were thrown open to outsiders and state control replaced tribal control.                                           

 

• Lack of Education
• According to the 2011 Census, only 59 per cent of the tribals are literates against to the national literacy level of 74.04 percent. Although it cannot be denied that education can act as the instrument for betterment of the tribals ensuring greater participation for them in the development process, still there are certain factors which inhibit the tribals from taking to education.
• These factors include tribal superstitions and prejudices, extreme poverty, nomadic lifestyle of certain tribes, lack of interest in alien subjects taught through an alien language and a lack of suitable teachers and other facilities in the tribal areas.

 

• Displacement and Rehabilitation
• After independence, the focus of the development process was on heavy industries and the core sector. As a result huge steel plants, power projects and large dams came up-most of them in the tribal inhabited areas. The mining activities were also accelerated in these areas. Acquisition of tribal land by the government for these projects led to large scale displacement of the tribal population.

 

 

• Problems of Health and Nutrition
•  Because of economic backwardness and insecure livelihood, the tribals face health problems, such as prevalence of disease, like malaria, cholera, tuberculosis, diarrhea and jaundice, problems associated with malnutrition like iron deficiency and anaemia, high infant mortality rates, low levels of life expectancy, etc.

 

• Gender Issues
• The degradation of the natural environment, particularly through the destruction of forests and a rapidly shrinking resource base, has had its impact on the status of women. The opening of the tribal belts to mining, industries and commercialization has exposed tribal men and women to the ruthless operations of the market economy, giving rise to consumerism and to commodification of women.

 

• Erosion of Identity
• Increasingly, the traditional institutions and laws of tribals are coming into conflict with modem institutions which create apprehensions among the tribals about preserving their identity. Extinction of tribal dialects and languages is another cause of concern as it indicates an erosion of tribal identity in certain areas.

 

Solutions

 

• Spread Education and awareness in tribal areas.
• Provide health and education infrastructure in tribal areas.
• A multipronged approach is needed at different levels involving Self-help groups, community based organisation etc.
• Providing protection to the cultural heritage of the tribes
• Providing protection from money lenders
• Providing avenues for the employment for the tribals
• Effective implementation of the government policies and schemes to provide the maximum benefit to the tribals.
• Development of the basic infrastructure like Roads, Railways, electricity etc.

 

Economic problems of Tribes and their solutions

 

1.            Reduction in fertility of land- Small settlements or villages of tribes is found among the forests. Most fields are found on pudding or high land. They practice jhum cultiuation slash and bum. Due to which soil erosion happening with great pace and this further led in declining soil fertility. This is a serious problem in Jhabua, Chhindware, mandia and Betul. It is necessary to make these people familiar with the conservation of land and use better techniques of Agriculture.

 

2.          Lack of knowledge of irrigation- Tribes have not been able to learn to irrigate. Therefore, due to natural calamity, many times agriculture is destroyed and this greats problem of food. The yield per hectare is very low. Due to primitive fanning practices, a family cannot get food throughout the year.

 

3.           Non-ownership of land-land- ownership is also limited among tribes. These people get land from other landholders or government. Most of the tribal'shave not been able to take advantage of developmental schemes. They are given the facility to get financial assistance and loans from the government for soil conservation, irrigation, and chemical fertilizers and to grow vegetables but it is seen that the financial assistance given to them is not enough. The need is that they should be familiarized with modem methods of agriculture and more financial support should be given.

 

4.            Traditional farming- Tribes grows traditional crops (low yield varieties of seeds) and from these crops they do not earn enough for their livelihood, (like Ragi, Kodo, Kutki and Sava). The need is that tribal's should be provided high yield seeds, fertilizers and means of irrigation. There should also be transport facility, so that the produce can be transported to the markets before it is destroyed.

 

5.            Low quality of Livestock- There is also a possibility of animal has been drying up in tribal areas. There is abundance of fodder in the forested area and forest dwellers can get additional economic benefits and food from animal husbandry. If tribal's can learn scientific methods of poultry farming and develop on a large scale then additional nutrition's food and economic basis can be found.

 

6.            Not getting the right price of forest produce- Apart from agriculture, tribals earn get money from the material obtained from forests. These people collect minor forest produce from forests and sold them in weekly markets. It is seen that being ignorant of weights and actual price, they give their goods very cheaply. Traders take advantage of their ignorance. There should be a government sponsored buying system. So they get the actual value of their forest goods. 

 

7.            Indebtedness- has become an integral part of Adivasi economy. As a result, these people become mortgage labourers so that the lender keeps exploiting them. The traders who come to the Haat also tie them in the bond of debt, so that they do not get rid of it easily. To protect tribal's from indebtedness, there should be a government driven micro finance System like RRB's so they easily get money from them. Tribal cooperatives and SHGs can also play a important role in formal money landing. 

 

Institutions for tribal development

 

• Tribal Research & Development Institute
• Tribal Research & Development Institute is an organization of the Government of Madhya Pradesh, located at Bhopal, the capital of the state of M.P. The Institute is the premier organization in M.P. engaged in tribal research.  
• It is headed by Director who is an officer of the Government of M.P. The Institute is under the administrative control of the Tribal Welfare Department of the State Government. It receives financial assistance from the Government of India, Ministey of Tribal Affairs.

 

• Some Facts about tribes of Madhya Pradesh

 

• 33.6 percent of total geographical area notified as scheduled area.
• 46 scheduled tribal groups.
• Special primitive Tribal Groups or (PVTGs).
• 40.63 per cent of total geographical area under Tribal Sub Plan (TSP).

 

• Directorate of Tribal Area Development and Planning
• This directorate has been established specially for preparation of Tribal Sub-Plan and monitoring the schemes implemented through various departments and Integrated Tribal Development Projects. A separate post of Director, Primitive Tribes has also been created for having effective control over schemes implemented through Primitive Tribal Development Agencies. Director T.A.D.P. has been assigned this Responsibility in addition to his/her work of Tribal Area Development.

 

• M.P. Tribal Finance & Development Corporation
•  MP Tribal Finance & Development Corporation was established in 1994 under the section 25 of Indian Company Act 1956. The implementation of the schemes by the corporation was stared from 1.4.1995.

 

• Objectives of the corporation

• The objectives of MP Finance and Development Corporation are as below:
• To pursue economic, social and academic development of the tribals.
• To eradicate exploitation and to lift them above poverty line through development.
• To make available easy loans to the tribals and realize them with interest to achieve the above objectives.
• Authorized share capital of the corporation: The authorized share capital corporation is 50 crores out of which the share of the State Govt. is 51% and 49%,of the Central Govt.

 

Government Schemes for Tribal Development

 

Jabali Scheme

 

• This scheme was started for the welfare of sex workers of Bedia, Kanjar and Sansi tribes engage in the prostitution activities in Gwalior, Shivpuri, Guna, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Mandsaur & Ujjain Districts.
• It was initially launched in 4 districts in 1992-93.

 

Samvedna Yojana

• Started in 2017-18 from 3 districts Sagar, Chattarpur, Burhanpur, from 2017-18 extended to 7 more districts.
• This is a supplementary plan to Jabali Yojana.
• Objective: Socialization of the women which already left the profession of prostitution.

 

Rajya Annpuran Yojana

• Launched in the year of 1999-2000.
• Objective: Provide seeds of various crops to the small and marginal farmers of SC/ST communities.

 

Jeevan Jyoti Yojana

• An initiate to provide free medical facilities in tribal areas.

 

Shankhanad Scheme

 

• The main objective of the scheme is to ensure the involvement of Schools in the process of Tribal development.
• Under the scheme "VikasVahiniya" has been constituted with the school and college students which visit to such tribal territory and get them aware about the various schemes of govt. of their concern and interest.

 

Gurukulam Centers

• Scheme launched on : Sep. 2016
• Objecttive: To provide Qualitative higher education cum boarding to ST Candidates at divisional head quarters of Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Shahdol.

 

Arunima Scheme

• The main objective of this scheme is to spread awareness about Health & ensure efficient management of Health related facilities.
• For that purpose, the education institution set up in tribal areas provides some information on health consciousness along with the regular education.

 

Tantya Bhil Self Employment Scheme

• Start on 21st may 2013
• Objective: To Motivate Unemployed tribal youth to be established as self-employed entrepreneur.

 

Chief Components

 

• Scheme to the expanded though Banks.             
• Loan of 50 thousand to 25 lakh to be provided. 
• State Govt. units provide 30% subsidy (maximum 3 lakhs) on loan amount and 5% subsidy on interest amount.                                              

 

"Madhya Pradesh Vikas" Scheme

• Start in 2011-12.   
• Objective: To ensure the effective Participation of tribal representatives (MP, MLA, Panch etc.) in execution of Govt. Schemes at all levels.   

 

Group marriage scheme

 

• Group marriage scheme in M.P. was started in 1985, under which financial assistance is provided to the brides.

 

Entrepreneur Development Institute (Udhayami Vikas Sansthan)

 

• Founded on 20th March 19807
• Objective:- 

 

• To help the SC/ST and other weaker part of society in setting up their enterprises.
• For above purpose, provide training and economic-technical assistance at all level.

 

Vanya 

• Govt. of M.P. publication for tribal Literature.
• Started publishing in 1980.
• Objective: Recognized Literature of tribal culture to be published and promoted.

 

MP Council of Employment and Training

 

• Founded in 1981.
• Create employment and self-employment opportunity for ST youth under technical- commercial training.

 

Golden project

 

• Under the project. Catties are to be provided to the poor scheduled tribes for free in the name of women member of family.

                         

Summary

 

Tribes

 

• The term 'Scheduled Tribes' first appeared in the Constitution of India. Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution".

 

Characteristics of Tribes

 

• Geographical isolation or semi-isolation;
• Definite Common Topography
• Un acculturated or partially acculturated into national society;
• Largely or entirely independent of the national economic system;
• Ethnic distinctiveness from the national society;Economic base tightly dependent on their, specific environment

 

Major Problems of Tribes

 

• Loss of Control over Natural Resources:
• Lack of Education:
• Displacement and Rehabilitation:
• Problems of Health and Nutrition:
• Gender Issues:
• Erosion of Identity:

 

Solutions of problems of tribes

 

• Spread Education and awareness in tribal areas.
• Provide    health    and    education infrastructure in tribal areas.
• A multipronged approach is needed at different levels involving Self-help groups, community based, organization etc.
• Providing protection to the cultural heritage of the tribes
• Providing  protection  from  money lenders
• Providing avenues for the employment for the tribals

 

Tribes of Madhya Pradesh

 

• There are 46 recognized Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh, India, three of which have been identified as 'Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs) (formerly known as 'Special Primitive   Tribal   Groups').   The population of Scheduled Tribals (ST) is 21.1% of the state population (15.31 million out of 72.62 million), according to the 2011 census.

 

Regional distribution of tribes

 

• Tribes of North-Eastern Area
• Districts: Shahdol, Sidhi, Jabalpur, Rewa, Satna.
• Tribes:  Kol, Mandla, Agariya, Panika, Khairwar. Amoung these Kol is the Major tribe, which resides in Jabalpur, Rewa, Satna Belt.

 

• Southern Region

 

• Districts: Mandia, Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betul, Hoshangabad.
• Tribes: Bhariya, Baige, Gond, MadiaHalba Tribes are also present in few numbers Baiga tribe is specially found in Mandia. Bhariya in Chhindwara-Korku in Hoshngabad and Eastern Nimar region.Gond is the largest tribe in this region.

 

• Western Region

• Districts: Khandwa, Khargone, Jhabua, Ratlam, Dhar.
• Tribes: Bhil, Bhilala Tribes are Dominant in these districts. They have a good number of population in Dhar, Jhabua Alirajpur in particular.

 

• Middle MP
• Districts:- Hoshangabad, Batul, Harda, Narsinghpur, Jabalpur, Raisen.
• Tribes:- Gond and Korku tribes are mainly found in these districts.

 

• North and North-West:

• Districts: Gwalior, Bhind, Morena, Shivpuri,   Tikamgarh,   Chhatarpur, Sagar.
• Tribes: Saharia and saur tribes are mainly found here.

 

Bhagoriya

 

• The BhagoriaHaat Festival celebrated by the local includes Bhil, Bhilala, Barela particularly in the district of West Nimar and Malwa (Jhabua, Dhar, Khargone and Alirajpur). Bhagoria has an agricultural significance attached to it. It commences with the end of harvesting season. The local people therefore celebrate the festival to mark the completion of the same.    

 

Dapa Custom

 

• Under Bhagoriya marriage. The heavy bridal price is imposed on the side off bride groom. This system is known as Dapa Custom in Bhil Tribe.  

 

Agariya

 

• Agariya is a sub-tribe of Gond .They make tools by melting iron. 
• Geographical distribution:   
• Balaghat, Sidhi, Shahdol, Mandia and Dindori districts

 

Korku

 

• Korku means group of humans they belong to Collerian Race and hence considered as a tribe of Munda family
• Most of the Korkus are settled up to the plains   of Hoshangabad, Westea Satpura, East Nimar, Betul, Chhindwara.

 

Kol

 

• Kol tribe is reckoning among the oldest tribes of India. Kol is considering even older then Kolarian or Munda group. Kol and Kirats are also mentioned in Riga ved as well as in Puranas, in Rigvad it is addressed as "Kolhati". This tribe is also known as Kolryan and Bhundari tribe.
• Settled in Eastern districts of M.P. Such as RewaSidhi, Singrauli, Shahdil, Satna,. Jabalpur etc.

 

Particularly vulnerable Tribal Groups in Madhya Pradesh

 

• Sahariya
• Baiga
• Bhariya

 

Tribla Research & Development Institute

 

• Tribal   Research   &   Development Institute is an organization of the Government of Madhya Pradesh, India, located at Bhopal, the capital of the state of M.P. It is headed by Director who is an officer of the Government of M.P. the Institutes is under the administrative control   of the   Tribal   Welfare Department of the State Govt.

 

Directorate of Tribal Area Development and Planning

 

• This directorate has been established specially for preparation of Tribal Sub- Plan and monitoring the schemes implemented     through     various departments  and Integrated Tribal Development Projects

 

M.P. Tribal Finance & Development Corporation

 

• Establishment of the corporation: MP Tirbal   Finance   &   Development Corporation was established in 1994 under the section 25 of Indian Company Act 1956. The implementation of the schemes by the corporation was stared from 1.4.1995

 

 Shankhanad Scheme

 

• The main objective of the scheme is to ensure the involvement of Schools in the process of Tribal development.

 

Arunima Scheme

 

• The main objective of this scheme is to spread awareness about Health & ensure efficient management of Health related facilities.
• For that  purpose,   the  education institution set up in tribal areas provides some    information    on    health consciousness along with the regular education.

 

Probable Questions

 

1. Very Short Questions

 

• Who are scheduled Tribes?
• Write there characteristics of Ache duel tribes
• Geographical distribution of tribes in M.P.
• Write cultural Characteristic of Bhil tribes.
• Write the dances performed by Korku tribes.
• What are the main problems of tribes?
• Write a short note on Ghotui System.
• Write a short note on BhargoriaHaat.
• Write a short note on Saila dance.
• Write a short note on Karma dance.
• Which are the geographical areas occupied by the 'Bhil' tribe in India?                         (MPPSC-2014)

 

2. Short Questions

 

• Write a note on Gond tribe.
• Write a note on Bhil tribe.
• Write a note on Baiga tribe.
• Write a note on Sahariyatribe.
• What is the significance of Heat Bazaar for tribes?            
• Writ the main Problems of tribes and give suggestions to solve their Problems.
• Write a note on Bhagoria festival.
• Write names of the main tribal dances of M.P describe at least five of them.
• Describe the main marriage systems of Tribes.  
• Give regional distribution of major tribes in Madhya Pradesh.                                    (MPPSC-2015)
• Give a brief account of the Scheduled tribes in Madhya Pradesh with the special reference to vulnerable Tribal Groups.                                                                                                             (MPPSC-2016)

 

3. Long Question

 

• Give details about vulnerable tribes of Madhya Pradesh and suggest the measures to bring them in mainstream.
• Give details of the regional distribution of the Tribes in Madhya Pradesh.
• Mentioning the tribal areas of the Madhya Pradesh, describe their problems.   (MPPSC-2018)