Current Affairs 3rd Class

Matter and Material

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to: -

learn about different states of matter
understand how matter changes from one state to another
get a better understanding of materials around us

Everything on Earth is made up of matter. There are three basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. SOLID A solid is anything that holds a particular size and shape. An apple, a block of wood, and a coin are all solids. The only way they can change their shape is by force (for instance, if you bite the apple with your teeth or chop the block of wood with an axe). The particles in solid are tightly packed and don't make a lot of movements. There is not much free space in between the particles, so there is very little room for the particles to move.

LIQUID A liquid is anything that has size or volume, but does not have a shape. Liquids must be contained in a cup, bottle, or some container in order to have a shape. Milk, water, and juice are liquids. When you pour milk into a glass, it takes the shape of the glass. If you spill the glass of milk on the floor, it will spread quickly as it takes the shape of the floor.

Particles of liquid are not as close together as particles in a solid, and move around much more freely. They have no regular shape or arrangement and move freely. GAS Gases are hard to identify because they have no colour, size or shape. When we take deep breath our lungs fill up with air. Air is a combination of many gases. The particles in a gas move freely at high speeds. There is a lot of free space in between the particles, and they take the shape of any container.

Matter Changes from One State to Another

The process of changing solid into liquid is called melting.
The process of changing liquid into gas is called evaporation.
The process of changing a gas into liquid (e.g., water vapour to water) is called condensation.
The process of changing a liquid into solid is called freezing. Ice is frozen water.

Misconcept / Concept Misconcept: Matter is anything that is hard and can be touched. Concept: There are three states of matter-solid, liquid and gas. While solids are hard and gases are more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Solar Systems

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson -will help you to: -

learn about the solar system
know about planets and their unique features
learn about our planet Earth and Moon

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Solar System

The Solar System is made up of the Sun, planets, moons, comets, asteroids, meteoroids minor planets, dust and gas.
Everything in the Solar System orbits or revolves around the Sun. The Sun is so large, that its powerful gravity attracts all the other objects in the Solar System towards it.
The Sun is the largest object in the solar system.

SUN The sun is in the Centre of the Solar System. It is huge and made up of extremely hot gases. The sun is the main source of heat and light for the solar system. The sun is the nearest star. It is about 150 million km away from the earth. PLANETS

There are now officially only eight planets in our solar system. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Now, Pluto is no longer planet of our solar system.
While Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, Neptune is the farthest planet from the sun.
Amongst all planets, Jupiter is the heaviest planet of the solar system.
The smallest planet in the Solar System is Mercury. Mercury is only 38% the diameter of Earth.

EARTH

Earth is also known as watery planet, because 70% of its surface is covered by water. The earth's atmosphere scatters the light & creates a blue effect, so it is also called Blue Planet. It is the only planet having life.
Earth orbits the Sun once in about 365i Earth days. This is also known as revolution. Due to revolution we experience different seasons.
Earth also rotates on its own axis. This is called rotation. It takes 24 hours to complete one rotation and it creates day and night.
Earth is the only planet that has an atmosphere containing 21% oxygen. On earth we have liquid water on its surface. It is the only planet in the solar system that has life. Earth has got one natural satellite i.e. Moon. When viewed from space earth seems blue because of the presence of water in it.
Due to gravity, the layer of gases known as atmosphere remains attached to it and prevents too much heat or UV rays from Sun reaching earth. Earth reflects about l/3rd of sunlight it receives.

Historical Preview

Earlier it was assumed that earth is more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Work and play

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:-

learn about different occupations.
study about different type of work inside and outside home.
learn to differentiate between working and leisure time.
study about child labour and the need to go to school.
study about the tradition and games played today.
differentiate between indoor and outdoor games.
learn the importance of playing.

Real Life Examples

Many house helpers these days are usually small kids from the backward states/ countries. These small children are sent by their parents to the cities as they could earn more there than in villages.
For some people playing games is their occupation.

For eg. Sachin Tendulkar, virat kohli plays cricket. Vishwanathan Anand plays chess.

Some games are played in groups and some independently. Like cricket football, hockey, basketball played in groups. (In basketball 5 players play at a time), where as chess, Tennis can be played independently.

Amazing Facts

In neighborhoods without a park or playground, the incidence of childhood obesity increases 29% children with a park or playground within half-a-mile are almost five times more likely to be healthy than children without playgrounds or parks nearby.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW

Occupation is a way of earning a living by doing some work.
There are many different types of occupations today. With specializations in every field, work opportunities are expanding day by day.
Some of the occupations are- actor, doctor, engineer, architect, teacher, cricketer, designer, artist, farmer, scientist, lawyer etc.
Work always does not earn you something. Work is an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result.
Work is done both inside and outside home. Every member of the family is involved in doing some work irrespective of their age or gender.
Women are usually involved in the household work like cleaning, cooking, washing clothes etc. Nowadays women are equally supporting their family financially.

Men are usually involved in sturdy work like that of electrician, plumber, mason etc.
Children's work includes studying, pursuing their hobbies and playing. Playing is as important as work.
There is a difference between working time and leisure time. Leisure time is the free time for enjoyment in which you could laze around, go to shopping, movie or just pursue any hobby.
However, there are some small children who are forced to work. This is considered as child labour. There are more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Travel and Communication

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:-

understand the need for travel
examine why and how people travel from one place to another.
find out different modes of transportation.
explore different kinds of communication.

Interesting Facts

First metro train ran on 10th may 1963 in London.
Moscow metro rail service is the busiest railway service where 55 lakh passengers travel daily.
In India Kolkata was the first city to avail the services of Metro in 1984.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW We all go from place to place for our work, for studying; to meet our relatives etc. Every morning you stand on your bus stop waiting for your school bus. Your school bus takes you to your school. Like this whenever we have some work we go from place to place by using different means of transport. The 'means' taken from going place to place depend upon the distance to be covered. The place which we intend to go may be at a short distance or at a long distance. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY TRAVEL? To travel generally means to go from one place to another. We travel because of different motives. We travel alone, in groups, with our family or with our classmates depending upon the purpose of our travel. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY TRAVEL? We travel when we have to go to some place for our work. There are various purposes like going to school, college etc, we also go to different cities to meet our relatives, to spend holidays, on our school trips. We either go alone like when our parents go to their offices or we go with our family like when we go meet our relatives, to attend family functions etc. We can travel short distance or long distance

Either of short distance like within the locality or within the city.
Or long distance such as out of city or out of country.

WAYS TO TRAVEL The vehicle we use to travel is known as means of transportation. The means of transport taken depends upon the distance to travel. With the increase in the use of new technologies today we can travel to any place using new means of transportation. In old times means of travel were very few like: Walking: In old times people used to cover long distances on foot. Later they started using animals such as horse and oxen etc. Bullock Cart and Horse Carriages: They were used for travelling in old times especially in India. Today they are used in smaller towns. more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Our Body

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:-

learn about the different sense organs of our body
understand the functions of various internal organs of our body
study skeletal system, nervous system, muscular system, respiratory system, digestive system and circulatory system.
study the function of heart.

Real Life Examples We Got the Beat

How does the heart beat? Before each beat, your heart fills with blood. Then its muscle contracts to squirt the blood along. When the heart contracts, it squeezes – try squeezing your hand into a fist. That’s sort of like what your heart does so it can squirt out the blood. Your heart does this all day and all night, all the time. The heart is one hard worker!

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Our body is an amazing machine. Each and every part works perfectly in coordination with each other. Our body is made up of different parts called organs. Each and every organ has its own role to play. 1. Sense organs: There are five sense organs namely eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin which help us to see, hear, smell, taste and feel respectively. They take messages from outside and send them to our brain through nerves. Our brain after receiving these messages order different organs to work accordingly.

2. Skeletal system; Ail the bones of our body together form skeletal system and form the framework of the body. It gives the shape of the body and support the body to stand, sit, and walk.

The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones. Human infants are born with 300 to 350 bones, some of which fuse together as the body develops. By the time most children reach the age of 9 they have 206 bones. The skeletal system performs vital functions — support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage. 3. Nervous system: Nervous system consists of brain and nerves. Made up of your brain, your spinal cord, and an enormous network of nerves that thread throughout your body, the nervous system is the control center for your entire body. Your brain uses information it receives from your nerves to coordinate all of your actions and reactions. It controls all your actions of seeing, hearing, speaking, thinking etc.

4. Muscular system: Muscular system is made up of muscles. On average, probably 40% of your body weight is in muscles. You have over 630 muscles that move you. Without muscles you couldn't open your mouth, speak, shake hands, walk, talk, or move your food more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Food

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson - will help you to:-

appreciate the cultural diversity in food.
study about food derived from plants and animals.
learn about various fuels and vessels used in cooking.
learn about various techniques of preparing food.
study about food for animals.

Real Life Examples

Many food such as rice, idlis, momos etc are cooked by the process of steaming.
According to the age, the diet of a person also varies. For ex. A small child takes only milk and liquid food but adults and young persons have the capacity to eat and digest various foods.

Amazing Facts

The first soup was made of hippopotamus.
There are more than 10,000 varieties of tomatoes.
Watermelons are 97% water, lettuce 97%, tomatoes 95%, carrots 90%, and bread 30%.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW

Like water, food is also essential for the survival.
Every living organism needs food.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN FOOD

Like everything, food also varies from culture to culture.
Across the world, different foods are prepared using different traditional vessels, cooking methods and ingredients which are popular in their culture.
The foods we eat help to understand and connect us to different worlds and to different times.

For example. The English are associated with fish and chips; Americans with hamburgers and chewing gum and Italians with pizza and parmesan cheese.

In India, different cultures persist and accordingly there are various food items.

For example. Kashmiri food, Gujarati food, Punjabi food, South-Indian food etc are all examples of how different cultures live on the same land. FOOD FROM PLANTS

Plants are the major source of food.
Plants prepare food by the process of photosynthesis using water, sunlight and carbon-dioxide.
Plants give us fruits and vegetables.
Several spices and herbs are also obtained from plants.

PARTS OF PLANTS THAT ARE EATEN Almost every part of a plant is eaten. But there is hardly any plant that is eaten whole. Different parts of a plant that are eaten are- roots (carrot, radish, turnip etc), stems (celery, lotus-stem etc), leaves (cabbage, spinach, coriander etc), seeds (ex. peas), fruit (cherry, mango, apple, pear etc), flower (ex. Rose, saffron etc). FOOD FROM ANIMALS

more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Shelter

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to: -

learn why do we need shelter/houses.
learn about different kinds of shelter/houses.
understand how people decorate their homes.
know proper ways to dispose garbage.
develop a better sense of direction.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Why do we need a House People build houses to keep them safe and secure. It protects us from rain, snow, heat, wind or dangerous animals. Houses are built from whatever is available. (Sometimes people use wood, stone, clay bricks, mud, straw even ice. Misconcept / Concept Misconcept: There are two kinds of houses- Pukka houses or apartments and slums or kutcha houses. Concept: Caves, huts, tents, caravans, stilt houses, igloos, house boats, marquees, villas, bungalows, mansions and palaces are different types of houses. Misconcept: Throwing waste in dustbin is disposing garbage. Concept: Before disposing garbage, it is important to separate degradable waste to non- degradable. This is proper disposal of garbage. WHY DO PEOPLE NEED SHELTER TO SURVIVE? Shelter provides safety and protection from weather and predators. Without shelter, one may freeze in the winter or become dinner of an animal. Shelter may come in many different forms, for example caves, trees or man-made structures. Shelter provides us comfort and safety. DIFFERENT KINDS OF HOUSES There are different types of houses. Based on the type of roofs, houses are divided into sloped roof or flat roof. Slope or slanting roof is used in places of heavy rainfall or snowfall. Different types of materials are used for slanting roof houses. This varies from dry leaves, palm leaves or grasses. In remote areas and mountainous regions, houses are simply made of readily available materials like wood, thatch, bamboo etc. Such houses are called kutcha houses. On the other hand, houses that are made of brick, cement etc. are called pukka houses. Some people keep moving from one place to another. Tents and caravans are temporary houses and can be carried from one place to another. Flats, bungalows, mansions and pukka houses can't be moved from one place to another, so they are called permanent houses. Caves, huts, tents, caravans, stilt houses, tree houses, igloos, house boats, marquees, villas, bungalows, mansions and palaces are different types of houses. SOME EXCITING HOUSES

In India houseboats are common on the Dal Lake near srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir and on the backwaters of Kerala.
An Igloo is a type of shelter built of snow found in Greenland, Canada's central Arctic region.
A tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over, attached to a frame more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Soil

LEARNING OBJECTIVE This lesson will help you to: -

learn about the composition of soil.
know about different kinds of soil.
learn about the fertility of soil.
study the microorganisms present in soil.

Real Life Examples

The leaves that fall down from the trees get mixed up in the top layer of the soil and within few days completely gets mixed with the soil. This forms the humus that makes the soil more nutrient rich.
The soil found in the desert is poor soil because it lacks many essential nutrients and water. This is the reason why there are no plants except a few cacti in the deserts.

Amazing Facts

1 Tablespoon of soil has more organisms in it than there are people on earth.
Soil scientists have identified over 70,000 kinds of soil in the United states.
It takes 500 minimum years to from one inch of topsoil.
soil stores 10 % of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW What is soil? Soil is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals and organic matter), liquid and gases that occur on the land surface, occupies space, is made up of many layers and have the ability to support rooted plants in a nature environment. What is soil made up of?

Soil is a mixture of many things. It contains small pieces of broken rock, fallen leaves, dead critters decomposed tree branches, decayed plants etc.
And because of the different materials and processes that affect its formation, soil comes in different colors and textures.
Soil could have such lively colors as red, yellow and white but most of the time, soil is black, brown or grey.
Due to the sand, silt, clay and other mineral particles in it, soil could be smooth, creamy, rough, crumbly) and sticky to touch.
A typical healthy soil sample contains the following;

(a) 45% minerals (b) 25% water (c) 25% air (d) 5% organic matter

Soil also contains many organisms such as earthworm; and bacteria that help in maintaing the texture of the soil.

HOW IS SOIL FORMED?

Soil formation is a slow process.
Natural processes like weathering, erosions, rains, floods, hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, all contribute to soil formation. Lichen and plant roots also help in breakdown of rocks into little pieces to become part of the new soil.

Soil and its layers

The more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Birds

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to: -

study different types of birds.
observe the feathers of different birds.
learn about various shapes and features of the beak and claws.
know about the nest of different birds.

Real Life Examples

Many birds fly together in flocks. Flocks are so prevalent in some bird species that these groups of birds have special names, such as a raft of ducks, a charm of finches,

a horde of ravens etc.

Birds make a variety of calls, songs and nonverbal sounds with a language as complex as any spoken words.

Amazing Facts

Geese save energy by flying in a V- formation.
A woodpecker can peck 20 times a second.
The Humming birds are the only birds that can fly backwards.
parrots are the longest- living birds. They can reach an age of up to 100 years
An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Birds and their Habitats Birds live in different habitats. Forests, farmlands, lakes, rivers, coasts etc., all have their own characteristic birds. The habitats of birds in our country (India) can be divided into the following broad types:- (a) In forest areas (b) Near water bodies (c) In farms BIRDS AND THEIR MOVEMENT: MIGRATION

Very few birds have a lifestyle without physical activity.
Birds move in search of food and good weather condition.
Birds migrate towards areas like nesting sites, food source etc.

For example. Birds such as ducks and geese along with other birds come to wetlands in September-October and leave in March- April. BIRDS AND THEIR HOME-NESTS

Birds make different types of nests with different styles.
Not all birds make their nest. Some birds, instead lay their eggs in other birds nest's. For example Cuckoos simply lay their eggs in the nest of the host species and play no further role in rearing their young ones.
Birds make their nests using branches, twigs and leaves etc.
The mother bird lays eggs in the nest and sits on them to keep them warm. After a few days, the eggs hatch and the baby bird comes out. The parents feed them for some days. Then the baby birds open their eyes, develop feathers and learn to fly and finally leave the nest.

BIRDS AND THEIR BEAUTIFUL FEATHERS

The body more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Living and Non - Living Things

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson -will help you to:

know about a great variety of living and non-living things around us.
learn about the characteristics of living and non-living things
classify various objects around us as living or non-living

Amazing Facts

The oldest living organism was a 250 million year old bacterium.
Scientists estimate that around 5 million to 100 million unique species of plants and animals are present on earth out of which only two million have been identified.

INTRODUCTION Look at the things around you. There is a table, book, your mother, your friends, plants, toys, birds and buildings etc. They all are different from one another in shape, size, colour and looks. On the basis of their characteristics, we can categories them into 2 groups. These two categories are living and non-living things. In this lesson we will discuss these two categories under which all the matter comes. Characteristics of Living and Non-living Things You all must have seen your childhood photographs. In all those pictures you look smaller than you are now. This shows that you have grown in size. This is the first characteristic of living things. 1. Living things can grow but non-living things do not grow. All those things which grow with time are called living things. Examples: 1. A seed grows into a plant.

2. A baby chicken grows into a hen/cock.

3. A baby grows into an adult man/women.

There are many things which remain same in size even after so many years. For example, you cannot wear the same clothes of your childhood days now, as you have grown up but your clothes haven't. Thus the things which don't grow with time are called non-living things. Examples: Your school, tap, door and pencil donot grow and remain same in size. So they are non-living things. Examples:

2. Living things can move from place to place but non-living things can't move. You can get up, walk, run and move from one place to another on your own. Similarly, birds fly, fishes swim, animals walk and run. Plants also show movement. For example sunflower moves in the direction of sun. All these are living things. So, all living things can move from one place to another 1. Children run while playing. more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

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