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Current Affairs 10th Class

Challenges to Democracy - Important Terms And Concepts

  CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY     IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS  
  • Challenges: Difficulties which are significant and which can be overcome are known as Challenges.
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  • Political Reforms: Suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called "Democratic Reforms" or "Political Reforms".
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  • Legal Constitutional Changes: Legal ways of reforming politics and to think of new laws to ban undesirable things are known as the legal constitutional changes.
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  • Right to Information Act: It is an act that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government and acts as watchdogs of democracy.
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  • Bureaucracy: It refers to the rule by the office or rule by the officials. The term denotes the organisations, officials and set procedures associated with any large administrative set-up.
    • Catgeory: 10th Class

    Challenges to Democracy - Chapter Coverage

      CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY         CHAPTER COVERAGE        
    Catgeory: 10th Class

    Development - Important Terms And Concepts

      Development     IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS  
  • Traditional Notion of Development. Different persons depending on their present status and situation have different views/expectations (and sometimes conflicting also) about development. Different notions will prevail if people come from different background like rich family or poor family; rural or urban; urban employed or a farmer. But one thing is common in traditional notion and that is rise in monetary income and thereby own more goods and services than before. But now, notion of development has undergone a drastic change. Money is the only factor necessary for development.
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  • National Income. Total value of all goods and services produced within a country plus income coming from abroad.
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  • Per Capita Income (Average Income). It is obtained by the population of the county, i.e.,
    • Per Capita Income = \[\frac{National\,Income}{Mid-year\,Population}\] Other factors like equitable distribution of income should also be taken into consideration while comparing per capita income of different countries.  
  • Factors Important for Development (other than Money Income). Freedom, Equal treatment, Security, Peace, Respect for others, Hygienic environment, Best Medical Facilities, etc.
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  • Literacy Rate. Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
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  • Low-income Countries. Countries which have per capita income of $825 or less in 2004 (According to WDR 2006).
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  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). In a year, number of children that die before the age of one year per 1000 children born live.
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  • Rich Countries. Countries which have per capita income of $10,066 per annum and above in 2004 (According to World Development report 2006).
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  • Public Distribution System (PDS) or Ration Shops. PDS ensures availability of essential commodities like wheat, rice, sugar, edible oils and kerosene, etc. to the consumers through a network of outlets or fair price shops. It checks the forces of supply and demand. The prices are fixed by the government.
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  • Life Expectancy at Birth. It indicates the number of years a newborn is expected to live.
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  • Gross enrolment Ratio. It refers to enrolment ratio for primary schools and higher education beyond secondary schools.
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  • Sustainable Economy Development. It means that development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.
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  • Economic Development. A sustained increase in real per capita income that promotes economic welfare by reducing poverty, unemployment and in qualities in distribution of income.
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  • Ranks given to Punjab, Kerala and Bihar are 1, 2 and 20 respectively under the category of Best States in India to live (as per India today Issue).
    • Catgeory: 10th Class

    Development - Chapter Coverage

      Development       CHAPTER COVERAGE
    • Traditional Notion of Development
    • Income and other Goals             
    • National Income and Per-Capita Income
    • Comparison between Countries or States
    • Sustainable Economic Development
    • Human Development
    Catgeory: 10th Class

    Sectors of the Indian Economy - Important Terms And Concepts

      Sectors of the Indian Economy   Important Terms and Concepts  
  • Classification of sectors of the Indian economy.
    • (i) On the basis of nature of activities
    (a) Primary sector
    (b) Secondary sector
    (c) Tertiary sector
    (ii) On the basis of ownership
    (a) Private sector
    (b) Public sector
     
  • Primary Sector (or Agriculture and related sectors). It includes all those economic activities which are connected with extraction and production of natural resources, g., agriculture, fishing, mining, etc.
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  • Secondary Sector (or Industrial sector). It includes all activities which are concerned with the processing materials which have already been extracted at the primary stage, g., the mining of iron ore is primary industry, but manufacture of steel is secondary industry.
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  • (a) Tertiary Sector (or Service sector). It is concerned with providing support services to primary and secondary sector and includes transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, communication, advertising, etc. It facilitates smooth flow of goods and services in the economy. Importance of tertiary sector has been observed in the last decade and its contribution to GDP has also risen.
    • (b) Growth of Service Sector in India. Service sector has grown tremendously in the last decades in India. It is expected that India will be the third largest economy in the world in coming years. This sector is an important user of information and communication technologies.
    (c) India as a major service provider to the world. In the recent years, India has become a major service provider to the world along with service sectors like financial services, telecommunications and transport. It has a great potential to expand.
     
  • Private Sector. Private individuals or companies possess the ownership of assets and delivery of services, g., TISCO.
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  • Public Sector. Government possesses the ownership of assets and delivery of services, g., Railways.
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  • Organised Sector. Here, people have assured work and terms of employment are regular. Rules and regulations given in various laws are followed as they are registered by the government.
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  • Unorganised Sector. It consists of small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. It is characterised by low-paid and insecure jobs. Rules and regulations are not followed.
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  • Economic Activities. It covers all those activities which are undertaken by people with the object of earning money, e.g., a worker working in a factory and a teacher teaching in a school.
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  • Non-Economic Activities. It covers all those activities which are undertaken to satisfy social, psychological and emotional needs, g., person engaged in religious work and housewife looking after the household.
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  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. Value of all more...
    • Catgeory: 10th Class

    Sectors of the Indian Economy - Chapter Coverage

      Sectors of the Indian Economy     Chapter Coverage  
    • Economic and Non-Economic Activities
     
    • Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors in India
     
    • Division of Sectors as Organised and Unorganised
     
    • Public and Private Sectors
     
    • Calculation of GDP
     
    • Importance of Service Sector
     
    • Different Types of Unemployment
     
    • NREGA, 2005
    Catgeory: 10th Class

    Federalism - Chapter Coverage

      Federalism       CHAPTER COVERAGE                                             
    Catgeory: 10th Class

    Democracy and Diversity - Important Terms And Concepts

      Democracy and Diversity Important Terms And Concepts
  • Social Division: Division of the society on the basis of language, region, caste, colour or race and sex. It signifies linguistic and regional diversity.
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  • Social Differences: Social differences are the situations where people are discriminated against on the basis of social, economic and racial inequality. It gives way to social diversity which is different from society to society.
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  • Civil Rights Movement in the USA : A series of events and reform movements with the aim of abolishing legal, racial discrimination against African-Americans. Martin Luther King Jr. started the movement in 1954. It was based on the non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices.
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  • African-American: Afro-Amrican, Black American or Black are the terms used to refer mainly to the descendents of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between 17th century and early 19th century.
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  • The Black Power: It was a movement started by black people in 1966 against racialism and the practice of partheid. It was a militant movement advocating even violence if necessary to end racism in the US.
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  • Overlapping Differences: Social Differences which overlap other differences are known as overlapping differences, e.g., difference between the Blacks and Whites became a social division in US because the Blacks tend to be poored homeless and discriminated against.
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  • Cross-Cutting Differences: If social differences cross-cut one another, it is known as cross-cutting differences. In another way in this situation groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue.
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  • Homogenous Society: Homogenous society signifies absence of significant ethnic differences. It is a society that has similar kinds of people or inhabitants.
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  • Migrants: Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country for the purpose of work or other economic opportunities.
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  • Multi-Cultural Community: Social community formed on the basis of different cultures is known as the multi-cultural community. This happens mostly due to the practice of migration when people bring with them their own culture.
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  • Minority: It refers to communities who are less than half of the total population of the country. The idea of minority at national level is totally different from what it is at state level.
    • Catgeory: 10th Class

    Democracy and Diversity - Chapter Coverage

      Democracy and Diversity  
    In 2005, the San Jose State University installed a 20-foot high sculpture representing the protest by Tommie Smith and John Carlos. A photograph of the original medal ceremony in 1968 is on the top.
       Chapter Coverage  
    Catgeory: 10th Class

    Gender Religion and Caste - Important Terms And Concepts

      Gender, Religion and Caste   Important Terms And Concepts  
  • Gender Division: It is a form of hierarchical social division based on social expectations and stereotypes.
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  • Sexual Division of Labour: A system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women of the family, or organised by them through the domestic helpers.
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  • Feminist: A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for men and women.
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  • Patriarchy: It is a concept which is used to refer to a system that values men more and gives them power over women. The society based on this ideology is known as the Patriarchal Society.
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  • Child Sex Ratio: It is referred to as the number of girl children per thousand boys in a given period.
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  • Family Laws: Those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriages, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country every community has its own family law.
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  • Urbanisation: The process of shifting of population from rural areas to urban areas for better facility and job opportunities.
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  • Majoritarian Dominance: The community belonging to a majority category takes the status of majoritarian dominance.
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  • Occupational Mobility: Process to shift from one occupation to another, usually when a new generation takes up occupations other than those practiced by their ancestors.
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  • Caste Hierarchy: It is a ladder like formation in which all the caste groups are I placed from the highest to the lowest caste.
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  • Secular State: A state which has no official religion of its own is known as the secular state. The secular state provide - religious equality and equal status to all religions.
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  • Secularism: Secularism is an ideology which deals with the equal status to a religions and prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion. It implies religious freedom. People enjoy the right to preach practice or profess a religion of their choice.
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  • Untouchability: A state of affairs in which some backward and lower cast- people are treated as outcaste people untouchables. They are not allowed to mingle with so-called upper caste.
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  • Universal Adult Franchise: It implies that Right to Vote is given to every adult citizen of the country. It is one of the political rights of the people. In this
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    - "Universal" - signifies-to all,
    - "Adult" - signifies-above 18 years and
    - "Franchise" - signifies right to vote.
     
  • Minorities: The word signifies those groups of people or communities who are lesser in number in a given area.
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  • Communal Representation: A system of separate electorate for the adequate representation of the people belonging to different communities.
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  • Social Change: Social change signifies the modification which takes place in the lifestyle of people, more...
    • Catgeory: 10th Class

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