Essays

"A giant among men, one of those who laid the foundation of modern Indian nationalism and year by year built up brick by brick and stone by stone, the  noble edifice of Indian freedom. "In these words, Shri Jawaharlal Nehru, summed up the feelings of the nation at the death of Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya in 1946. A great Scholar, educationist, man of action, a leader of the national liberation movement, Madan Mohan Malviya rose to prominence in his life at an early age.

Madan Mohan Malviya was bom in Allahabad on December 25, 1861. His ancestors were poor but enjoyed a good status and were known for their Sanskrit scholarship. Madan Mohan's education began at the age of five. He was sent to Pandit Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala. Mohan who was a diligent boy, matriculated in 1879 and joined the Muir Central College and graduated from the Calcutta University in 1884. He was appointed as a teacher in his school at the salary' of Rs. 40/- a month. As there were no rules in those days preventing government servants from attending political meetings he attended the Second Congress Session held in Calcutta in 1886 and delivered a speech which held the audience spell-bound. A .0. Hume, the General Secretary of the Congress, appreciated his speech. Soon after his return from Calcutta he was offered the editorship of the Hindi weekly, the Hindustan. He became popular for his outspoken views about India are a subject of the British, the abject poverty of the masses and the indifference of the British towards them. Malviya wished to devote himself entirely to the service of the nation. Though he studied law and passed the LL.B. examination in 1891 yet he was not interested in legal profession.

With few exceptions Malviya regularly attended the annual Congress sessions from ISS6 to 1936. In 1887, he invited the Congress to Allahabad. During the session peal enthusiasm prevailed among the delegates and its success was phenomenal. Malaviya was the Secretary of the Committee. He invited the Congress to Allahabad again in 1892 and its success was largely due to his devoted efforts. In the Congress sessions he spoke generally on the political subjection of the country, the poverty of the masses owing to the British economic policy and the monopoly of the higher posts by officers recruited in England.

Because of his untiring public service, he was elected to the Provincial Legislative Council in 1902 and later to the Imperial Legislative Council in 1909. He used his position to advocate free and compulsory education and the prohibition of recruitment indentured labour for British colonies. He believed that in order to fight poverty and backwardness. India should industrialize. He was duly appointed member of the Indian Industrial Commission in 1916.

Although he was a strong supporter of the Congress he founded the  Mahasabha in 1906. It was established, according to its supporters, to oppose not the just claims of the Muslim community but the "divide and rule" policy Government. Malviya became a High Court Vakil in 1893. He always: public work over his legal work. He virtually withdrew from the legal profession in 1909 but he made an exception in 1922 in regard to the appeal of 2C condemned to death in connection with the Chauri Chaura riots (Gorakhpur District, U.P.) on account of which Mahatma Gandhi suspended the Civil Disobedience movement, and saved 153 accused from the gallows. 

Malviya zeal for public work made him realise the necessity of SM^B newspapers particularly in Hindi for the education of the public. He started the Abhyudaya as a Hindi weekly in 1907 and made it a daily in 1915. He also started the Maryada a Hindi monthly in 1910 and another Hindi monthly in 1921. He started the Leader, English daily in October 1909. He was the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.

As Gandhi started the non-cooperation movement, Malviya did not stand for elections to the Indian Legislative Council in 1921. He nevertheless became member of the Assembly from 1924 to 1930, resigning shortly after the Salt Satyagraha. He supported the demand for full dominion status to India. Malviya believed that awareness and involvement the common masses was essential if the goal of freedom was to be realised. Keeping this in mind, he started publishing Abhyudaya, l^^B weekly in 1907, and later, because of its popularity, made it a daily.

On account of his services to the Congress he was elected its President in  1909,1918,1932 and 1933, but owing to his arrest by the Government of India, he could not preside over the 1932 and 1933 sessions which had been banned. Perhaps, he tried to popularize the national cause more than many other leaders. 

Malviya was a conservative in social matters. He believed in the ‘Varnshrama Dharma’ (caste system). He was, however, prepared to adjust himself to social changes in the country to a limited extent, but wanted to take the leaders of the Hindu community and the Benares Pandits with him in matters of social reform. He strongly the injustice done to the depressed classes in connection with temple entry and pleaded their cause before the Pandits in 1936. He also favored the raising position of Hindu women.

 He was the President of the All India Seva Samity from 1914tilll946.Fmb known for his gentleness and humility but he did not yield where principles were concerned. He had the courage to differ more than once from Mahatma Ghandhi Ji even at the risk of becoming unpopular. He opposed, for example, the boycott of schools and colleges, the burning of foreign cloth and the boycott of the visit of the Prince of Wales in 192 l. It will be true to say that he considered responsive co-operation a better policy than civil disobedience. He occupied a very high position in Indian public life and his public activities were numerous. The freedom struggle, the economic development of the countries, promotion of indigenous industries, education, religion, social service, the development of Hindi and other matters of national importance continued to occupy his attention as long as he lived. Malviya ji, as he was popularly known, breathed last on November 12, 1946, he was 90 years old.

"Great as are Malviyaji's services to the country, I have no doubt that the Hindu University constitutes his greatest service and achievement and he has worn himself out for the work that is dear to him as life itself.... Everyone knows that there is no greater beggar than Malviya ji on the face of the earth. He has never begged for himself by the grace of God he was never been in want but he became a voluntary beggar for causes he has made his own and God has always filled his bowl in an overflowing measure"             

—Mahatma Gandhi

Vocabulary

I. edifice—building, a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place. 2. prominence—bump, gibbousness. protrusion. 3. ancestors— antecedents, ascendants. 4. enthusiasm—ebullience, exuberance. 5. phenomenal— fantastic, exceedingly or unbelievably great, 6. condemned—appropriated, confiscated. 7, disobedience—noncompliance, the failure to obey. S. popularize—music, music adapted to the understanding and taste of the majority. 9. depressed—dejected, indented. 10. gentleness—the property possessed by a slope that is very gradual. Mildness of

manner or disposition, 11. disoblige—ignore someone's wishes, discommode. 12. indigenous—autochthones, originating where It is found.  13. voluntary—a person who freely enlist for military service, volunteer.